如何理解胡塞尔:问题的发生、转向与突进

How to Understand Husserl:The Origin,Turn and Breakthrough of His Problematics

理解胡塞尔必须进入胡塞尔本人的运思。《逻辑研究》在拓展范畴直观的同时错失了作为直观之前提的自身被给予性。在1906—1907年间,胡塞尔开始聚焦绝对被给予性(之中的先天)的观念,在随后的内时间意识研究中,他通过对滞留的具体综合样式的揭示,为纯粹意识/绝对存在的显现提供了新的意向基础。现象学就此进入超越论阶段。意向流形结构(一维流形构造二维连续统)既是超越论现象学的意向基础,也是现象学对20世纪西方哲学对体验流之内结构的整体探索的回应。只有在此双向交织、多维建基的意向结构中,本质直观与范畴直观的差异、形式化对本质关联的构造、能思/所思的相关性才可能真正得到理解,而超越论现象学从主体性(从能思/所思、本质类型到实显行为)到具体区域的构造也才可能展示自身。

We must follow Husserl's own train of thinking to understand Husserl.When Husserl extended the sensible intuition to the categorical intuition in Logic Investigations,he missed the self-givenness and the given being as the precondition of intuition,because he didn t explain in advance the relationship between the“ways of self-manifestation”and sensibility and category.This problem became the starting point of Husserl transcendental breakthrough.Between 1907 and 1910,Husserl not only began to focus on the idea of absolute givenness and the a priori in it,but also in his study of inner time-consciousness in the same period succeeded in characterizing the inner structure of absolute given being through uncovering the synthetic mode of retention,i.e.the revelation of the double intentionality of retention,which laid a new intentional foundation for the manifestation of pure consciousness/absolute being proposed in Ideas I.Along this train of thinking,Husserl in the following 20 years gradually revealed the structure of inner time-consciousness as the constitution from the living present to the complete double intentionality,or the constitution from the one-dimensional manifold to the two-dimensional continuum,and the apprehension-schema of descriptive psychology was thoroughly replaced by the structure of multidimensional intentional manifold(or conscious manifold).As the intentional foundation of transcendental phenomenology,the structure of intentional manifold not only echoes to modern Western philosophy's overall exploration of the inner structure of experiential flow,but also provides a formal and intentional foundation for the zeitgeist since the rise of non-Euclidean geometry.Only in this bilaterally intertwined and multi-dimensionally foundational intentional structure can the key questions of transcendental phenomenology be truly understood,such as how eidetic intuition,in the form of imaginative free-variation,can be distinguished from categorical intuition based on conformal modification,how formalization can lay the foundation for the theory of intentionality and the theory of science,and how pure consciousness can manifest itself as the correlational structure of noesis and noema.Further,the idea of transcendental-phenomenological constitution,including the self-constitution of subjectivity(the constitution from the correlation between noesis and noema to the eidetic types)and the constitution of concrete region,can also truly manifest itself.