马舍雷唯物主义批评的理论阐释及其意义

Mashery's Materialistic Criticism:A Theoretical Interpretation and Significance

文学问题是马克思主义批评的重要问题之一。作为法国马克思主义哲学家、批评家,马舍雷在唯物主义的基本立场上,对人道主义批评范式与结构主义批评范式进行了批判,并在“结构”概念中通过斯宾诺莎的“迂回”,提出了“缺场的外在性”这一唯物主义结构观,申明结构概念与唯物主义传统的理论联系。马舍雷的唯物主义批评重构了文学批评及其对象之间的关系,以批评的科学化为旨归,在客观性和有效性两方面同时进行阐述。唯物主义批评的科学分析通过承认文学作为一种不断参与再生产实践的特殊劳动产物,在实践过程中重新确认文学批评的对象,并以回到问题的方法解释具体的文本内容。马舍雷的唯物主义批评强调了再生产诗学在马克思主义艺术生产论中的重要性,既凸显了再生产诗学对“纯生产”理论的拓展,又提供了一种从文学生产到现实历史的认识路径。重新审视马舍雷唯物主义批评将深化关于马舍雷文论思想的既有认识,并进一步将马舍雷纳入马克思主义文学批评的发展谱系当中。

The discussion of literature is one of the important issues in Marxist criticism.As a French Marxist philosopher and critic,Macherey criticized the humanitarian critical paradigm and the structuralist critical paradigm from the basic position of materialism,pointing out the creator tendency of humanitarian criticism to focus on subjective intentions,and the teleology of structuralist criticism centered on deep structure.Macherey systematically put forward materialist criticism represented by the production paradigm and dialectically accepted the concept of“structure”from the perspective of structuralism.From the perspective of materialism,he borrowed Spinoza's philosophical concept and proposed“absent exteriority”.This view of structure reaffirms the theoretical connection between the concept of structure and the materialist tradition,not only adhering to the material basis of literature as the superstructure but also preserving its relative independence.Under this structural view,Macherey's materialist criticism reconstructs the relationship between literary criticism and its objects,aims at making criticism scientific,and elaborates on both objectivity and effectiveness at the same time.The scientific analysis of materialist criticism reaffirms the object of literary criticism in the process of practice by recognizing literature as a product of special labor that continuously participates in reproduction practices,and interprets specific text content in a problematized manner.Macherey's materialist criticism emphasizes the importance of the poetics of reproduction in the Marxist theory of artistic production.It not only highlights the expansion of the theory of“pure production”by the poetics of reproduction,but also provides knowledge from literature to real history.From the perspective of the poetics of reproduction,works do not have reality only once under certain deterministic production conditions,but become reality in the plural form of differentiation under changing conditions of reproduction.Therefore,by confirming the specific position of“decalage”in the reproduction movement,we can complement the historical reality and highlight the critical function of literature on reality by paying attention to the presence and absence of history at the same time.To sum up,re-examining Macherey's materialist criticism will deepen our understanding of his literary thought,and help to integrate Macherey into the development pedigree of Marxist literary criticism.Moreover,re-grasping the overall theoretical context and connotation of Macherey can further enrich the interpretation of Macherey's theory based on existing research,and comprehensively help us understand the theoretical significance of his materialist criticism in the tradition of Marxist criticism.