性别刻板印象的变与不变?来自内容、方法与影响的证据

Have gender stereotypes changed or not changed?Evidence from contents,methods,and consequences

性别刻板印象作为一种社会认知,是人们对男性和女性的特征、属性和行为的普遍信念。在社会变迁的宏大背景下,研究者通过传统方法(过去-现在-未来评价范式、横断序列设计、横断历史元分析)和新近技术(词嵌入)探讨了性别刻板印象变迁。虽然有少许研究声称性别刻板印象未随时间发生变化,但大部分研究基于社会角色理论,都支持性别刻板印象已随时间发生变迁。变迁模式主要表现为:认为女性在男性化特征(如能动性)上不断增长,而男性在女性化特征上(如共生性)可能有所增长。这些变迁对缩小经济上的性别差异具有积极作用,但也可能会给家庭和健康带来消极后果。未来研究应在多学科交叉、多方法融合的基础上,以细化方式、网络视角去考察性别刻板印象变迁,尤其要重视在中国文化背景下对该主题的探究。

Gender stereotypes,as a social cognition,refer to general beliefs about the characteristics,attributes,and behaviors of people classified into men and women.Under the impacts of societal changes,researchers investigated changes in gender stereotypes through traditional methods(e.g.,past-present-future rating paradigm,cross-sequential design,and cross-temporal meta-analysis)and new technologies(e.g.,word embedding).Although some studies have claimed that gender stereotypes remain constant over the years,most other studies,based on the social role theory,have supported that gender stereotypes have changed.Specifically,the pattern of changes mainly presents that women are perceived to be becoming more masculine characteristics(e.g.,agency),whereas men are perceived to be likely to become more feminine characteristics(e.g.,communion).These changes have positive contributions to narrow gender gaps in the economy,while they may also have negative consequences on family and health.Future research should,based on the multidisciplinary interaction and integration of methods,explore changes in gender stereotypes through more refined ways and perspectives of network approaches.More importantly,it should be focused on investigating changes in gender stereotypes in the Chinese context.