行业社团与民国政治:1927—1931年间的海关华员联合会研究

Industrial Association and the Politics of the Republic of China:A Study of the Chinese Staff Association of Chinese Maritime Customs Service,1927-1931

北伐军进军上海前夕成立的海关华员联合会,是上海江海关内外班华员联合成立的行业组织,其最大诉求在于借助国内反帝爱国主义浪潮,改变中国近代海关中长期存在的华洋职权不等、待遇不均的现状,进而谋求收回关权。联合会在成立后,以革命组织自视,一方面配合南京国民政府的革命外交,参与各类政治性集会和政治宣传,积极投身于要求关税自主运动,另一方面寄希望通过关税自主,改革海关旧有的人事及行政制度,进而改善群体待遇。然而,随着南京国民政府“关税自主”的实现,中国近代海关的“关制改革”也以维持旧有的外籍总税务司制度而告终,海关华员群体的政治诉求被国内外政治演变的浪潮所遮蔽,其组织也以解散而告终。随着南京国民政府的建立及对社会管控的收紧,北伐前后兴起的以反帝爱国主张为主要诉求的各类社会组织逐步转为注册登记的社团组织,各类自主性政治性活动也趋于式微,海关华员联合会可视为一典型个例。

The Chinese Staff Association of Chinese Maritime Customs Service(CMCS) established before the Northern Expeditionary Army marched into Shanghai was an industrial association jointly established by Chinese staffs indoor and outdoor Shanghai Customs.Its biggest appeal was to change the long-standing status quo of unequal powers and unequal treatment of CMCS with the help of domestic anti-imperialist patriotism,and then seek to recover customs power.After its establishment,the association regarded itself as a revolutionary organization.After its establishment,the association regarded itself as a revolutionary organization.On the one hand,it cooperated with the revolutionary diplomacy of the Nanjing National Government,participated in various political gatherings and political propaganda,and actively participated in the movement for tariff independence.On the other hand,it hoped to reform the old personnel and administrative system of the CMCS through tariff independence,so as to improve the group treatment.However,with the realization of the "tariff autonomy" of the Nanjing National Government,the "customs system reform" of CMCS also ended up maintaining the old foreign inspector system,and the political demands of the Chinese customs officers were covered by the wave of political evolution,and their organizations ended up disbanded.With the establishment of the National Government in Nanjing and the tightening of social control,various social organizations that arose before and after the Northern Expedition with anti-imperialist patriotic claims as their main demands gradually turned into registered associations,and various independent political activities also tended to decline.The Chinese Staff Association could be regarded as a typical case.