乾隆时期卫拉特蒙古土尔扈特部首领渥巴锡等赴热河朝觐路线探析

Journey of Ubashi Khan of Turgut Mongols to Rehe to Have an Audience with Emperor Qianlong

17世纪30年代,原先游牧于我国天山北部草原的西蒙古土尔扈特部,以及部分和硕特部众,西迁到伏尔加河流域。18世纪60年代,因不堪忍受沙俄的控制和压迫,19岁的渥巴锡承袭汗位后,毅然决定东返祖国。乾隆三十六年(1771年)渥巴锡带领土尔扈特部踏上东归的路程并于当年回到祖国,随即从伊犁出发,前赴热河朝觐乾隆帝。关于乾隆三十六年(1771年),渥巴锡等从伊犁出发赴热河朝觐的行程路线问题,学界尚乏关注。笔者在前人研究成果的基础上,借用清代满文档案及相关史料,对其起程时间、朝觐人员、朝觐路线、清廷规划确定本次朝觐线路的原则等略做探讨,从而为拓展清史、蒙古史、西域史、河北地方史等领域的研究增添笔者的绵薄之力。

Around in the third decade of 17th century,Turgut Mongols,under the leadership of Kho Orlog,with some Khoshot Mongols,migrated from their original land in the north of Tianshan Mountain,to Volga River basin where they settled themselves and thrived in power for more than fourteen decades.During the sixth decade of 18th century when Ubash Khan ascended the throne at his age of 19,embattled in the hardship and slaving of Tsarist Russia,Turgut people began to make plan on moving back to their ancestral land.Turguts embarked on the eastward journey in 1771 and arrived at their motherland in the same year.Immediately after arriving,Ubash Khan set foot on another eastward journey from Ili to Rehe to have a meeting with Emperor Qianlong.Little academic attention,however,has been given to the pilgrimage route along which Ubash Khan went to Rehe.In this paper we draw on Qing Manchu archives,along with other preceding research works,to make a discussion on the starting time of journey,attendants,path route,and Qing Court's scheme and principle in deciding on his journey to Rehe,so as to add our modest contribution to extension of the research line of Qing history,Mongol history,western region history and Rehe history.