优质高等教育机会获得差异:从城乡之间到城乡之内

Differences in Access to High-quality Higher Education Opportunities:Between Urban and Rural Areas to Within Urban and Rural Areas

本研究采用CGSS2018的微观数据,对城乡及其内部家庭经济社会阶层在优质高等教育机会获得上的差异进行探讨,并重点比较城乡与家庭社会阶层在我国高等教育发展不同阶段的差异。结果表明:在优质高等教育机会获得上,(1)我国城乡二元结构带来的机会差异持续存在,但逐渐转变为以家庭社会阶层差异为核心的城乡之内的多元层级关系;(2)整体而言,城镇家庭与农村家庭之间机会差异显著,优势阶层家庭与中等阶层和弱势阶层家庭之间机会差异显著;(3)进入高等教育大众化后期,城乡之间的机会差异总体不明显,但城乡内部机会差异不断拉大;城镇优势阶层家庭、农村优势阶层和农村弱势阶层家庭的机会均有所增加,尤其农村优势阶层家庭在精英高校的入学机会上增幅最为明显;与此相反,城镇弱势阶层家庭和农村中等阶层家庭的机会获得性却在不断降低。可见,高等教育规模扩张对教育公平具有一定的促进作用,但也带来了新增优质高等教育机会在城乡内部社会阶层间分配格局的变化,并有可能产生新的机会不平等。建议进一步推动城乡一体化发展、注重差异性公平的政策价值取向、实现教育精准扶贫。

Fairness and efficiency remain enduring concerns within the realm of education.Utilizing the microdata from the CGSS2018,this study investigates the differences in access to high-quality higher education opportunities between urban and rural areas,as well as within their respective family economic and social classes.The focus is on comparing the differences between urban and rural areas and family social classes across different stages of higher education development in China.The results indicate that:in terms of obtaining high-quality higher education opportunities,(1)The opportunity gap resulting from China’s urban-rural dual structure persists,but gradually transforms into a multi-level relationship within urban and rural areas,with family and social class disparities at the core.(2)Overall,there is a significant difference in opportunities between urban and rural families,and between families from advantaged class and those from the middle and disadvantaged classes.(3)In the later stage of higher education popularization,the overall difference in opportunities between urban and rural areas is not significant,yet the gap in opportunities within urban and rural areas continues to widen.The opportunities for families with urban advantages,rural advantages,and rural disadvantaged groups have all increased,especially for families with rural advantages who have the most significant increase in enrollment opportunities in elite universities.Conversely,the access to high-quality higher education opportunities for urban disadvantaged families and rural middle-class families is diminishing.The expansion of higher education has contributed to educational equity to some extent,yet it has also altered the distribution pattern of new high-quality higher education opportunities among social classes in urban and rural areas,potentially leading to new forms of opportunity inequality.Therefore,it is crucial to further promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas,focus on policy value orientations that address both differences and equity,and achieve Targeted Poverty Alleviation through education.