继承取得的宅基地使用权及其规则构造——“纯粹用益物权继承取得说”之提倡

Acquisition of Right to Use a Homestead by Inheritance and Its Legal Construction——Advocating the Theory of Acquisition of Absolute Usufructuary Rights by Inheritance

在宅基地三权分置理论视阈内,《民法典》第363条规定的宅基地使用权应当被认定为兼具宅基地资格权能与宅基地地上权能的用益物权。而为使继承人可以继承宅基地使用权,在法理上应当将宅基地使用权继承视为宅基地三权分置的特殊情形。申言之,一旦被继承人死亡,则应当认定在被继承人死亡时,被继承人宅基地使用权或者其所拥有的宅基地使用权份额将被直接分置为被继承人宅基地资格权与欠缺宅基地资格权能的宅基地使用权或其份额。其中,被继承人宅基地资格权因其身份因素与专属于被继承人的性质即时归于消灭,而欠缺宅基地资格权能的作为纯粹用益物权的宅基地使用权或其份额,则可在继承人契合特定条件时为继承人所继承。不过,根据继承人的不同条件,继承取得的宅基地使用权可区分为一般宅基地使用权与特殊宅基地使用权两个类型,不同类型的继承取得的宅基地使用权在效力与规则上亦有所不同。

In the theoretical framework of the separation of the three rights of the right to use rural land,the right to use rural land stipulated in Article 363 of China's Civil Code should be recognized as a usufructuary right with the effect of both the right to qualification and the right to build land.In order to enable the successor to inherit the right to use rural land,the inheritance of the right to use rural land should be regarded as a special case of the separation of the three rights of the homestead.Specifically,once the decedent dies,it should be determined that the decedent's right to use rural land or share will be transformed into the decedent's homestead qualification right and the homestead land right or share without the effect of the homestead qualification right.Among them,the decedent's homestead qualification right is immediately eliminated because it is exclusive to the decedent.On the contrary,the right to use rural land or share without the effect of the homestead qualification right can be inherited by the heir when the heir meets certain conditions.However,according to the different conditions of the heirs,the right to use rural land should be divided into two types of general right to use rural land and special right to use rural land,and different types of right to use rural land obtained by inheritance also have different effects and rules.