“双碳”背景下中国海上石油污染防治法律制度的体系化构建

Systematic construction of the Chinese marine oil pollution prevention and control legal framework in the context of‘dual carbon’goals

实现碳达峰碳中和已成为中国经济发展和社会转型的重要目标,同时对生态环境法治建设中法律目标确定与法律制度建设提出了新要求。海洋作为地球系统中最大的碳库,在提升生态系统碳汇能力方面扮演着重要的角色。随着海上石油开发利用活动的日益增加,海上勘探、开采、运输及相关作业性活动造成的污染事件频发,推进海洋生态环境污染治理的法治化已成为全球生态环境保护的必然选择。海上石油污染防治法律制度具备一般污染防治法律制度的特征与表现形式,但因其法律关系主体的复杂性、规范内容的不确定性、制度适用的局限性而具有自身的特殊性。海洋环境污染的治理具有天然的国际性,而多极化的时代背景使得全球海洋污染治理更具挑战性。各国的海上石油污染治理体系虽然不同,但通过比较研究发现,其法律制度的构建多依托并服务于国家战略,强调价值理念的引导作用,以及在明确法律责任的基础上侧重构建跨界治理法律实施体系。中国海上石油污染防治的法治建设因法律规范水平与海洋治理需求之间存在明显张力,目前面临着技术性、衔接性、功能性等多重困境。这就亟须理顺多要素法律规范层级制度构建的生成思路,从内容框定、制度衔接、救济保障三个层面系统构建中国海上石油污染防治法律制度体系,包括推进国家责任基础上硬法与软法统筹的法律体系建设,建立跨界合作视域下的海上石油污染风险防范与监管制度,构建以整体性治理为导向的法律救济制度,以期实现对全球海洋污染治理格局变化的积极回应与全球海洋污染治理共识的有效聚合。

The imperative goals of reaching peak carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality have become integral to Chinese economic development and societal transformation.Simultaneously,these goals have spurred the need to define legal objectives and construct frameworks within the scope of environmental law.As Earth's largest carbon reservoir,the ocean plays a pivotal role in en⁃hancing ecosystem carbon sequestration capacity.With the increase in marine oil development activities,marine pollution incidents have risen.The imperative to imbue governance over marine ecological pollution with a structured legal framework has evolved into an essential choice for global ecological preservation.The legal framework for marine oil pollution prevention and control has its own dis⁃tinct characteristics.The governance of marine oil pollution is inherently international,and the current multi-polar era adds complexity to global marine pollution prevention and control.While diverse nations possess dissimilar marine oil pollution governance systems,a comparative analysis underscores a shared reliance on and alignment with national strategic imperatives.These frameworks emphasize value-guided principles and the establishment of cross-boundary legal implementation systems,based on clarified legal responsibilities.Chinese legal efforts to govern marine oil pollution prevention and control face three major challenges:technological intricacies,seam⁃less integration,and functional efficacy.This requires a cohesive approach to creating a multi-faceted legal normative hierarchy,includ⁃ing content delimitation,institutional coherence,and redressal safeguards.A comprehensive construction of the Chinese legal frame⁃work for marine oil pollution prevention and control requires a three-dimensional strategy:harmonizing a legal system that integrates statutory and non-statutory laws aligned with national responsibilities;establishing risk prevention,control,and regulatory mechanisms under the purview of cross-border governance;and creating a comprehensive governance-oriented legal remedial system.This approach aims to proactively respond to the evolving patterns of global marine pollution governance,effectively consolidating a consensus on glob⁃al marine pollution control.