批判官僚制:马克思主义行政学说的理论逻辑与主要论辩

Criticizing Bureaucracy:The Marxist Theory of Pubic Administration

在国家理论的基础上,马克思主义对资本主义官僚制进行了深刻的批判。这种批判旨在建立一个替代资本主义官僚制的公共行政制度。马克思与恩格斯通过对公社制的探索,完成了对官僚制的原初式批判,但也面临着公社难以适应大规模组织团体的悖论;列宁主义通过政党干部制,探索出适应超大国家的苏维埃制,却又与西方资本主义官僚制一样深陷于自我封闭的“官僚化”的吊诡之中。为了解决这一问题,西方资产阶级国家通过新公共管理运动对资本主义官僚制进行自我修复,而中国共产党则在“从严治党”的过程中,进一步完善了干部制,为克服干部官僚化提供了“中国经验”。干部官僚化依然是马克思主义行政学说需要警惕的关键难题,也是新时代中国特色社会主义反对官僚主义的方向与焦点。

Grounded in state theory,Marxism presents a profound critique of capitalist bureaucracy.This critique seeks to establish an alternative model of public administration distinct from Western capitalism.Marx and Engels initially examined the commune system to complete their critique of bureaucracy,but encountered challenges in scaling it up for large organizations.Lenin,on the other hand,explored the Soviet system through the party cadre system,tailored for mega-states.However,this approach also suffered from “bureaucratization,” mirroring the self-enclosure seen in Western capitalist bureaucracy.In response,Western bourgeois nations adopted the New Public Management movement to reform their bureaucratic structures.Meanwhile,the CPC has refined the cadre system through its governance of the Party,presenting a “Chinese solution” to combat cadre bureaucratization.Nevertheless,the issue of bureaucratization among cadres remains a critical concern for Marxist administrative doctrine.It represents both the focus and challenge of the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics in its opposition to bureaucracy.