仪式表演和公共情感——《礼记·月令》与中国早期的感物经验

Ritual Performance and Public Emotions:Liji,Yueling and the Experience of Affections of the Mind in Early China

在月令图式中,四时物候的更迭是一个程序,诸多文本均具有这样的叙述结构。从四季兴替的自然时间到仪式表演,显示出月令图式影响到社会行为。从祭祀仪式的意义看,感物的发生逻辑在于天时引发阴阳二气之动,促成自然物变,引发人心之感,形成感通互动的境域。在此一语境中,祭祀物色与所处季节直接相关,祭物参与仪式展演,成为意义的生成方式。月令图式是祭祀仪式的根据,这一图式展现出物候、农事和政令的协调。因而,感物与礼制场景直接相关,感物应物候之变,感人循礼制之限。在早期文本中,物不仅是外物,更是祭祀之物;情不仅是私人情感,也是公共情感。通过情实现群体的共鸣,是仪式表演的抒情策略,它最终指向家庭、族群和社会,在更高层面实现它们之间的协调。因此,在礼制背景中,所谓中国文学抒情性,其早期形态并非指向个人情感,而是指向公共情感。

The Yueling pattern encompasses the changing of the four seasons,a narrative structure commonly found in many texts.This pattern not only influences social behavior but also demonstrates the significance of rituals in connecting natural and human elements.Rituals hold great importance,as they are rooted in the logic of the affections of the mind.This logic stems from the cyclical movement of Yin and Yang,influenced by the heavens,which in turn leads to changes in natural phenomena and stirs emotions in the human heart.Victims for sacrifice are directly associated with the seasons in which they are found,participating in rituals to imbue them with meaning.The Yueling pattern serves as the foundation of ritual,showcasing the coordination between weather,agriculture,and governance.Consequently,emotions are intertwined with ritual scenes,responding to changes in the physical climate,and following the prescribed limits of the ritual.In early texts,objects serve dual roles as external entities and sacrificial victims,while feelings extend beyond private emotions to encompass public emotions.Ritual performance employs emotion as a lyrical strategy to foster group empathy,ultimately aiming to achieve harmony among family,community,and society at a higher level.Thus,in the context of ritual,the so-called lyrical nature of Chinese literature,in its form,did not solely pertain to personal emotions but also encompassed public emotions.