小细胞外囊泡在乳腺癌诊断与治疗中的研究进展

Research Progress of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer

小细胞外囊泡(small extracellular vesicles,sEVs)是一类具有脂质双层膜结构的细胞外囊泡,能够参与细胞间通讯,是一种良好的药物递送载体。小细胞外囊泡中的微小RNA(miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)、环状RNA(circRNA)和蛋白质等多种成分参与调控肿瘤发生发展的重要机制,能够反映细胞的生理状态与功能状态,且大量存在于患者的血浆、尿液、唾液中,对小细胞外囊泡进行分析和检测可能成为肿瘤诊断的新型手段。除了作为肿瘤诊断的生物标志物,小细胞外囊泡还通过其内容物或作为特异性药物递送载体来调控肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移、机体耐药、细胞因子分泌表达与免疫应答,发挥其抗肿瘤作用。总结近五年来小细胞外囊泡中RNA(miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA)与蛋白质作为乳腺癌诊断的生物标志物以及在乳腺癌治疗中的潜力的相关研究,阐述小细胞外囊泡作为新型诊断与治疗方法的优势与不足,为小细胞外囊泡在乳腺癌诊疗领域的临床应用提供参考。

Small extracellular vesicles(sEVs)are a class of extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane structure,which can participate in intercellular communication and be used as nanovesicles for drug delivery.The microRNA(miRNA),long non-coding RNA(lncRNA),circular RNA(circRNA),and proteins in sEVs are important mechanisms to regulate the development of tumors,and reflect the physiological and functional states of cells.They are present in large quantities in the plasma,urine,and saliva of patients,so the analysis and detection of sEVs may become a novel means of tumor diagnosis.In addition to being a biomarker for tumor diagnosis,sEVs can also regulate the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells,drug resistance,cytokine secretion and expression,and immune response via their contents or as specific drug delivery carriers to exert their anti-tumor effects.This paper summarizes the last five years of research on the use of RNAs(miRNAs,lncRNAs,circRNAs)and proteins in sEVs as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis and their therapeutic potential in breast cancer,and describes the advantages and shortcomings of sEVs as a new type of diagnostic and therapeutic method to provide references for the future clinical application of sEVs in the field of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.