苹果园间作不同绿肥对害虫——天敌关系的影响及其生态调控技术

Effects of intercropping different green manures in apple orchards on pest-natural enemy interaction and their ecological control efficay

为筛选适用于北方苹果园间作的绿肥植物,明确不同间作模式的害虫-天敌关系,构建高效稳定的果园生态调控系统,于2022年开展了二月兰、油菜、毛叶苕子、箭筈豌豆间作模式下绣线菊蚜及其主要捕食性天敌种群发生动态的监测研究。结果表明,4种间作模式下苹果绣线菊蚜发生峰值的种群数量显著低于清耕,间作二月兰、箭筈豌豆、毛叶苕子和油菜,绣线菊蚜峰值较清耕分别降低了19.02%、20.98%、23.26%和50.36%,捕食性天敌平均单次发生量较清耕分别增加了13.79%、36.21%、20.69%和53.45%,且树上捕食性天敌高峰期种群数量与绣线菊蚜高峰期种群数量之间呈负相关,表明间作4种绿肥能有效降低苹果园中绣线菊蚜的种群数量,提高捕食性天敌的数量,具有较好的生态控制作用。其中,果园间作油菜对苹果绣线菊蚜的生态调控作用最为显著,该模式下瓢虫、草蛉、蜘蛛高峰期种群数量均显著高于清耕。通过影响果园天敌瓢虫和草蛉的种群动态,增加瓢虫的种群数量来实现对果园苹果绣线菊蚜的早期防控,后期通过影响瓢虫、草蛉及蜘蛛的种群数量来实现对果园苹果绣线菊蚜的生态防控。

This study aimed to identify suitable green manure plants for intercropping in northern apple orchards,and to clarify the interaction between pests and natural enemies in different intercropping modes,and establish an efficient and stable orchard ecological control system.In 2022,we monitored the population dynamics of Aphis citricola and its major predatory natural enemies under four intercropping models of apple with Orychophragmus violaceus,Brassica napus,Vicia villosa,and Vicia sativa.The results showed that the peak population number of Aphis citricola was significantly lower in all four intercropping treatments compared to clean cultivation(p<0.05).Specifically,the peak population number of Aphis citricola decreased by 19.02%,20.98%,23.26%and 50.36%,respectively,while the average single occurrence of predatory natural enemies increased by 13.79%,36.21%,20.69%and 53.45%,respectively.There was a negative correlation between the peak population of predatory natural enemies and the peak population of Aphis citricola.These findings suggested that intercropping the four green manure in apple orchard could effectively reduce the population of Aphis citricola and increase the number of predatory natural enemies,resulting in a good ecological control effect.Among the intercropping modes,the ecological control effect of intercropping Brassica napus with apple was the most significant.The peak populations of Coccinellidae,Chrysopidae,and spiders in this mode were significantly higher than that in clean culture(p<0.05).It could achieve an early control against Aphis citricola in orchards by modulating the population of natural enemies Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae in orchards,particularly coccinellidae.In the later stage,the ecological control of Aphis citricola in orchard could be realized by affecting the population of Coccinellidae,Chrysopidae,and spiders.