集体化时期“包”的基层实践与制度演变

The Grassroots Practice and Institutional Evolution of“Bao”in the Collective Period

1952年,较早开始农业合作化运动的东北、华北地区率先提出定额计酬的“包工制”。随着农业合作化运动的推进,各地农村又发展出以“三包一奖”为主要表现形式的联产计酬责任制,“包”随之由一种地方实践上升为国家的制度性安排,开始在全国推广。在经历了短暂的人民公社化时期的无责任制过程之后,20世纪60年代初各地不仅恢复了“三包一奖”,还在实践中创造出了“分配大包干”,力图解决“三包一奖”无法根本突破的队与队之间的平均主义矛盾,“包”由此完成了农民与国家博弈下的极限蜕变。贯穿于集体化时期的“包”通过组织劳动与分配两个环节,将社员的责、权、利相结合,调节着集体组织内的“公”“私”矛盾,为农村集体体制的持续与发展起着极为关键的“兜底”作用,其内含的历史逻辑值得反思。

In 1952,the Northeast and North China regions,which started the agricultural cooperative movement earlier,took the lead in proposing the“contract system”of fi xed pay.With the promotion of the agricultural cooperative movement,the rural areas around the country have developed a joint production payment responsibility system with“costs and bonuses”as the main form,and“bao”had also risen from a local practice to a national institutional arrangement,and had begun to be promoted nationwide.After a brief period of irresponsibility in the people’s commune period,various regions not only restored the“costs and bonuses”system,but also created the“all—round contract”in practice in the early 1960s,striving to solve the average principal contradiction among teams that could not be fundamentally broken through the“costs and bonuses”system.As a result,“bao”thus completed the ultimate transformation of the game between farmers and the state.The“bao”that ran through the period of collectivization combined the responsibilities,rights,and interests of members through organizing labor and distribution,and adjusted the“public”and“private”contradictions within the collective organization.It played a crucial“bottom line”role in the sustainability and development of the rural collective system,and its historical logic was worthy refl ecting.