聚脲甲醛缓释肥减量深施对小麦和玉米产量及氮肥吸收率的影响

Effects of deep application with reduced dosage of polyurea formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer on yield and nitrogen absorption of wheat and maize

为了探究聚脲甲醛缓释肥(PF)减量深耕对小麦和玉米作物产量、氮肥利用效率以及矿质养分迁移的影响,设置对照(CK)、尿素+旋耕(OPTX)、尿素+深耕(OPTS)、PF+旋耕(PFX)和PF+深耕(PFS)5个处理,在豫南砂姜黑土小麦、玉米农田开展大区试验。结果表明,对比传统尿素(OPT)处理,PF处理小麦、玉米产量显著高于OPT处理,尤其PFS处理较OPTX处理小麦和玉米季产量分别高12%和6.4%,较OPTS处理分别高3.4%和1.8%;与产量不同,PFS处理仅显示玉米季氮肥利用率(NUE)高于OPTX和OPTS处理,而小麦季NUE甚至低于OPTS处理,这可能与PF在小麦季深耕条件下养分释放速度慢有关。对比两种耕作方式,发现PFS处理小麦季产量与PFX处理产量无显著差别,而玉米季产量显著高于PFX处理;与产量不同,PFS处理小麦季NUE显著低于PFX处理,而玉米季无显著差别,这可能与玉米季更适宜的气象条件和小麦季PF养分的后续释放有关。对比土壤铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)残留量和总氮浓度,发现作物收获后,PFS处理0~30和30~60 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)-N残留量与PFX处理无显著差异,NO_(3)^(-)-N残留量显著低于PFX处理,而总氮含量略高于PFX处理,这可能与PF处理在小麦季深耕条件下氮素未释放完全有关。总而言之,依据作物的产量和氮肥利用效率,聚脲甲醛缓释肥在深耕条件下显示出更高的产量效益和增产潜势,尤其玉米季作物吸氮量、产量和NUE有了显著提升,值得被推荐。

In order to investigate the effects of polyurea formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer(PF)reduction application and deep tillage on wheat and maize yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency and mineral nutrient migration,five treatments were set up:control(CK),urea+rotary tillage(OPTX),urea+deep tillage(OPTS),PF+rotary tillage(PFX)and PF+deep tillage(PFS).A large-scale experiment was conducted on wheat and maize fields in lime concretion black soils in southern Henan.The results showed that compared with traditional urea(OPT)treatment,the yield of wheat and maize under PF treatment was significantly higher than that under OPT treatment,especially the yield of wheat and maize under PFS treatment was 12%and 6.4%higher than that under OPTX treatment,3.4%and 1.8%higher than that under OPTS treatment,respectively.Unlike yield,PFS treatment only showed higher nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency(NUE)in the maize season compared to OPTX and OPTS treatments,while NUE in the wheat season was even lower than that under OPTS treatment,which may be related to the slow nutrient release rate of PF under deep tillage conditions in the wheat season.Comparing the two cultivation methods,it was found that there was no significant difference in wheat yield between PFS and PFX treatment,while maize yield was significantly higher than PFX treatment;Different from the yield,the NUE of the wheat season treated with PFS was significantly lower than that of the PFX treatment,while there was no significant difference in the maize season,which may be related to the more suitable meteorology of the maize season and the subsequent release of PF nutrients in the wheat season.Comparing the residual amounts of ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N),nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(-)-N),and total nitrogen(TN)concentration in the soil,it was found that after crop harvest,there was no significant difference in the residual amounts of NH_(4)^(+)-N in the 0~30 and 30~60 cm soil layers treated with PFS,compared to PFX treatment;the residual amounts of NO_(3)^(-)-N were significantly lower than that under PFX treatment,while the total nitrogen content was slightly higher than that under PFX treatment.This may be completely related to the incomplete release of nitrogen in PF under deep tillage conditions in the first season.In summary,based on crop yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency,polyurea formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer shows higher yield benefits and potential for yield increase under deep tillage conditions,especially with significant improvements in nitrogen uptake,yield and NUE of maize crops,which is worthy of recommendation.