实质董事的法律规制:因何、为何与如何

The Legal Binding on Deemed Directors:Reason,Demand and Method

公司作为独立的法人需要有自己的意思表达和行动决策机构,现代公司法赋予了董事这些管理公司的职能,由此也产生了董事对于公司所应负有的义务与责任要求。从法律要件上看,虽然作为公司的董事需要符合法定的资格条件并且满足特定的法律形式,但为了防止对于董事责任的逃避,现代公司法实际上也将没有董事之名但却行使董事之职的事实董事和影子董事纳入了规制的范围,由此形成对于形式董事和实质董事的无缝覆盖。我国《公司法》的本次修订也引入了类似实质董事的规定,希望通过立法的形式约束控股股东、实际控制人对于公司日常经营的不当干涉并明确责任承担的方式。但由于我国公司法对于实质董事的规制要求与其他法域的通行做法尚有不同之处,在未来实践的过程中可能面临原则与例外、实质董事与形式董事、公司法与证券法等诸多关系平衡的挑战,这就决定了我们需要站在一个更加立体、更加全面的视角理解实质董事法律规制的原因、前提和要求。

Being an independent legal person,the corporation needs to have its own decision-making body for will-expression and action-decision.The modern company law gives directors the right to exercise these functions of managing the company,which also gives rise to the obligations and responsibilities that directors should have with respect to the company.From the perspective of legal requirements,although the directors of a company need to meet the statutory qualifications and satisfy with the specific legal forms,the modern company law actually covers de facto directors and shadow directors who do not have the name of directors but exercise the duties of directors into the scope of regulation for the purpose of the evasion of directors duties in practice,thus forming a seamless coverage on de jure directors and deemed directors.The current revision of China s Company Law also introduces provisions similar to those for deemed directors,hoping to restrain the controlling shareholder and the actual controller from improper interference in the operation of the company and be liability for such illegal interference.However,due to the legislation differences between PRC s Company Law and the other jurisdictions,we may face the challenges on balancing the different relationships,such as principle and exception,de jury directors and deemed directors,company law and securities law,which determines that we need to better understand on the reasons,demands and requirements of the legal regulation on the deemed directors from a more dimensional and comprehensive perspective.