近代汉语句末语气词“是”的产生、来源及发展

Emergence,Origin,and Development of the Modal Particle“Shi”at the End of Modern Chinese Sentences

判断系词位于句末并演变为语气词的现象出现于汉语及一些藏缅语系语言中,代表了判断系词语法化的一种新路向,体现了一种主观性和交互主观性不断增强的主观化过程,蕴含类型学价值。文章首先梳理现代汉语方言“是”作句末语气词的用法,并在历时考察的基础上,探讨近代汉语句末语气词“是”的用法及其语法化路径。研究表明,句末语气词“是”大致产生于唐宋时期,主要经历了“回指代词→后置判断句中‘是也’共用→‘也’字脱落→句末语气词”的演变过程。判断系词“是”成为判断句的唯一语法标记后,全面取代了“也”的功能,除了发展出焦点标记、强调标记、对比标记的用法外,在“NP+VP+(其他)+是”结构中也发展出语气词的用法。最后将研究视野扩展到藏缅语系语言中,结合藏缅语句末系词语法化为语气词的众多实例,深入挖掘其蕴含的类型学价值。

The phenomenon that judgment words located at the end of a sentence and evolved into modal particles is more common in Sino-Tibetan languages,which represents a new direction of grammaticalization of judgment words and reflects a subjective process of increasing subjectivity and an interactive subjectivity containing a typological value.This paper summarizes the usage of the modal particle“Shi”at the end of a sentence in modern Chinese dialect,and based on diachronic investigation,probes into the usage and grammaticalization path of the modal particle“Shi”at the end of sentences in modern Chinese.It is shown that the modal particle“Shi”at the end of sentences roughly came into being in the Tang and Song dynasties,and mainly experienced the evolution of the anaphora pronoun“Shi”in the post-judgment sentence.After“Shi”has become the only grammatical mark of a judgment sentence,it has completely replaced the function of“Ye”.In addition to developing the usage of focus mark,emphasis mark,and contrast mark,the use of modal particles has also developed in the syntactic structure of“NP+VP+(other)+Shi”.Finally,this paper extends the research perspective to the whole Sino-Tibetan language family,combined with many examples of the grammatical transformation of“Shi”into modal particles at the end of Sino-Tibetan sentences to explore its typological value.