比较视野下域外适用的运行过程及其限制机制

The Process of Extraterritorial Application in Comparative Perspective and Its Limiting Mechanisms

本国法域外适用体系建设是统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治的重要抓手,因其关涉到主权与国家权力的空间范围,以及全球治理效能,理应明晰其合理边界。美国法域外适用呈单边主义、霸权主义态势,限制措施多来自于完备且有效的国内法机制,一定程度上防止域外管辖权的过度行使。欧盟法域外适用则更加谨慎,以国际法为主要限制,但仍在遵守习惯国际法管辖权标准的基础上寻求扩张化解释。通过比较美国、欧盟域外适用制度的运行现状与既有限制模式,分析其底层逻辑架构,探索主权限制机制与相称性原则的适用渠道,创新域外适用合法性判断的两步测试方案,助力实现我国域外适用法律设计的合法、合理、有效。

The construction of a system for the extraterritorial application of national laws is an important means of integrating the rule of law at the national level with the rule of law in relation to foreign affairs,and as it relates to the spatial scope of sovereignty and State power,as well as the effectiveness of global governance,it is important that its reasonable boundaries should be clearly defined.The extraterritorial application of United States law is unilateral and hegemonic,and most of the restrictive measures come from the well-developed and effective mechanisms of domestic law,which,to a certain extent,prevent the excessive exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction.The extraterritorial application of EU law is more cautious,with international law as the main restriction,but still seeks an expansive interpretation on the basis of compliance with customary international law jurisdictional standards.By comparing the operational status quo and existing restriction modes of the United States and EU extraterritorial application systems,analysing their underlying logical structure,exploring the application channels of the sovereignty restriction mechanism and the principle of proportionality,and innovating the two-step test scheme for judging the legitimacy of extraterritorial application,it will help to achieve the lawfulness,reasonableness,and effectiveness of the design of China's extraterritorial application of the law.