森林生态系统服务多功能性:概念、指标和经营模拟模型

Forest ecosystem service multi-functionality:definitions,indicators and simulation models for forest management

森林生态系统同时提供多种功能和服务的能力,被称为森林生态系统多功能性,可分为生态系统功能多功能性和生态系统服务多功能性。近年来,生态学领域对生物多样性与多功能性关系机理、多功能性驱动因子等进行了大量研究,这些研究持续成为热点。然而,这些研究成果在实际应用,尤其是在指导森林经营实践方面,尚显不足。森林经营一直以实现多种功能或服务的最大化为目标,但目前还缺乏与生态学中多功能性理论研究的有机联系,迫切需要将二者结合。本文对国际国内森林生态系统服务多功能性的概念、指标、评价方法、经营模拟和优化模型进行了综述,认为预测森林生态系统服务及多功能性、在森林经营单位层面实现多功能性最大化是将来的研究方向。因此,需要加强森林经营模型模拟研究,寻找减少不同服务间冲突、增加协同(即增加多功能性)的经营策略,回答森林经营和气候变化如何影响生态系统服务间的权衡和协调关系及其时空变化等理论和实际问题。

Forest ecosystem multifunctionality(FEMF)is defined as the ability of forests to simultaneously provide multiple ecosystem functions and services.FEMF could be classified as ecosystem function multifunctionality and ecosystem service multifunctionality.In recent years,a large number of studies have been carried out in the field of ecology on the relationship between biodiversity and multifunctionality,as well as on the driving factors of multifunctionality,and have continued to be a hot topic.However,these research results are still insufficient in terms of application,especially in guiding forest management practices.Maximization of multiple functions and services has been the goal of forest management,but the involvement of FEMF in forest management is still limited,and it is urgently needed to strengthen the integration.This paper summarizes the definitions,indicators and optimization models for the FEMF linked with forest management.We concluded that the future direction will focus on the prediction of the change of forest services and FEMF,and the realization of FEMF maximization at forest management unit level.Emphasis should be given to forest management modelling and simulations to seek the most effective management strategies to mitigate trade-offs and enhance synergies of ecosystem services,and answer theoretical and practical questions on how forest management and climate change affect the balance and coordination between ecosystem services,as well as their spatiotemporal changes.