历史制度主义视角下英国现代学徒制变迁:历程、逻辑与启示

The History, Logic and Enlightenment of Modern Apprenticeship Changes inthe UK from the Perspective of Historical Institutionalism

现代学徒制是培养高素质技术技能人才和促进职业教育高质量发展的重要途径。20世纪60年代以来,英国现代学徒制不断改革,逐渐发展成熟。英国现代学徒制的改革经验和发展历程有一定的借鉴意义。基于历史制度主义视角梳理分析发现,英国现代学徒制经历了政府开始干预职业培训的奠基阶段,勾勒内外部发展制度图景的肇始阶段,规范化发展与雇主主导的推进阶段和范式转型与内涵提升的革新阶段。其制度变迁逻辑是社会稳定与经济发展、文化偏好与观念转变等深层结构因素影响着制度变迁;政府的价值权衡和雇主的利益选择产生的路径依赖制约着制度变迁;场域内相关利益主体博弈与角逐、制度供给与需求的张力,以及外部环境压力和学习示范效应等动力机制推动着制度变迁。面向未来,在中国的现代学徒制发展过程中,为增强适应性,应指向制造强国建设,助推职业教育高质量发展;为提升耦合性,应厘清不同行动者利益诉求,加强相关主体协同;为保证发展性,应明晰多重动力逻辑驱动机制,实现制度供需匹配,形成现代学徒制的中国特色、中国风格和中国气派。

Modern apprenticeship is an important way to cultivate high-quality technical and skilled talents and promote the high-quality development of vocational education.Since the 1960s,the modern apprenticeship in the UK has been reformed continuously and gradually developed and matured.The reform experience and development history of modern apprenticeship in the UK has certain implications.Based on the perspective of historical institutionalism,it is found that the modern apprenticeship in the UK had gone through the foundation stage when the government started to intervene in vocational training,the initial stage of outlining the internal and external development of the system,the stage of normative development and employer-led promotion,and the stage of paradigm transformation and connotation enhancement of innovation.The logic of system change is that the deep structure of factors such as social stability and economic development,cultural preferences and conceptual change influence system change;the path dependence generated by the government's value trade-offs and employers'choice of interests constrains system change;and system change is driven by the game and competition among the relevant stakeholders in the field,the tension between system supply and demand,and the dynamic mechanisms such as the pressure of the external environment and the effect of the learning demonstration.Looking to the future,in the development process of the modern apprenticeship in China,in order to enhance adaptability,it should be directed to the construction of a strong manufacturing country and promote the high-quality development of vocational education;in order to improve coupling,it should clarify the interests of different actors and strengthen the cooperation of relevant subjects;and in order to ensure the development of the system,it should explain the multiple dynamics and logical driving mechanism,realize the matching of supply and demand of the system,and form the modern apprenticeship system with Chinese characteristics,Chinese style,and Chinese spirit.