紧急避险正当性依据和体系定位的反思与重构

Reflection and Reconstruction of the Justification Basis and System Orientation of Necessity

传统通说认为,紧急避险制度的正当性植根于功利主义立场下的利益衡量理论。伴随着现代法治与人权理念的发展,利益衡量论漠视自由法秩序下的个体权利、难以实现个案正义的弊病逐渐显现。从社会连带责任理论出发为紧急避险的实质合法性寻找依据的进路,一方面契合我国实定法中的规范逻辑,另一方面也与尊重个人自治的当代法秩序价值相呼应。对于阶层犯罪论视角下紧急避险的体系定位,应以避险行为是否关涉被避险人的人格利益为界限,将非侵害人格利益的紧急避险定位为违法阻却事由,将侵害人格利益的紧急避险定位为罪责阻却事由。基于社会连带责任论所构建的紧急避险体系定位“新二元划分”模式,亦可为正当防卫等制度的体系性衔接提供更加契合的接口。

In the past,it was generally believed that the justification basis of necessity was rooted in the theory of interest measurement under the utilitarianism position.With the development of the modern concept of rule of law and human rights,the disadvantage of the theory of balance of interests that ignores the individual rights under the free legal order and is difficult to realize the justice of individual cases has gradually emerged.The approach to find the basis for the substantive legitimacy of necessity from the perspective of the theory of social minimum associativity,on the one hand,conforms to the provisions of the current laws of China.On the other hand,it also echoes the contemporary legal order of respecting individual autonomy.For the system positioning of necessity under the perspective of class crime theory,we should take whether the behavior infringes the personal interests of the person being avoided as the boundary,define the behavior of non-infringed personal interests as a justification,and define the behavior of infringing personal interests as an excuse.Furthermore,it can also provide a more suitable interface for the systematic connection of self-defense and omission crime.