张家窑林场出土玛瑙的谱学特征与加工工艺研究

Scientific Analysis of Agate Unearthed From Liao Tomb in Zhangjiayao Forest Farm

张家窑林场出土了四个玛瑙管珠文物,为研究出土玛瑙的特征以及加工工艺,使用激光显微拉曼光谱、超景深显微镜、X射线荧光光谱、X射线探伤等技术观察并分析了张家窑林场辽墓出土的玛瑙串饰,并对其原料来源、加工工艺和保存状况进行了讨论。结果表明,样品的主要组成为α-石英和斜硅石,致色矿物为针铁矿、赤铁矿和六方纤铁矿,样品的拉曼谱带的积分比为4.18,根据函数曲线估算样品的斜硅石相对含量约为20%,斜硅石与α-石英特征峰面积之比(A_(501)/A_(462))约为0.22~0.3,推测玛瑙为可能为北红玛瑙。X射线探伤结果表明,管珠的加工工艺为对向钻孔,加工工具可能为实心钻具加少量解玉砂,样品表面受沁情况比较严重,对张家窑1号棺棺内土壤进行研究后发现木棺内土壤为中性土,对管珠的影响较小,结合目前对玉器老化的相关研究,推测玛瑙的受沁情况与原料质量以及样品风化有关。

Agate,also known as hematite,is an important part of ancient Chinese jade.The Khitan people are particularly fond of the string decorations made of agate.Because agate accounted for a large proportion of the jade unearthed from the tombs of the Liao Dynasty,about one-third were agate,which is of great significance for studying the processing and aesthetic orientation of jade in the Liao Dynasty.However,there is little scientific and technological analysis and research on Khitan agate.Four agate beads were unearthed in Zhangjiayao Forest Farm No.1 tomb,of which No.1 bead is a necklace,and No.2-4 beads are arm ornaments.To study the characteristics and processing technology of agate unearthed in No.1 Liao Tomb in Zhangjiayao,in this paper,laser micro Raman spectroscopy,super depth of field microscopy,X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy,X-ray flaw detection and other techniques are used to observe and analyze the agate string decoration unearthed from Liao tomb in Zhangjiayao forest farm,and the source of raw materials,processing technology and preservation status are discussed.The results show that the Raman spectra of the four samples are the same,showing the scattering peaks at 130,203,399,413,462,501,550,637,688,796,990,1160 and 1345 cm^(-1),the main composition of the sample is:α-Quartz and clinopyroxene,the coloration minerals are goethite,hematite and hexagonal fibrotite,and the processing technology is opposite drilling.To know the content of plagioclase in the sample,Lorentz fitting was carried out for the characteristic peaks at 462 and 501 cm^(-1)of the Raman spectrum of the model,and the Raman spectral band integral ratio analysis was carried out for them.The results showed that the integral ratio of the Raman spectral band of the sample was 4.18.According to the function curve,the relative content of the modelis estimated to be about 20%,calculated that the ratio of moganite andα-quartz characteristic peak area A_(501)/A_(462))is about 0.22~0.3.According to the content of moganite,it is inferred that the agate maybe North Red Agate,and the source may be the local source of LiaoDynasty.According to the X-ray flaw detection results of agate,the processing technology of tube beads is opposite drilling,and the processing tools may be solid drilling tools with a small amount of jade sand.There are a lot of soil erosion pits,crackles,whitening and other phenomena on the surface of the sample,and the overall weathering condition is relatively severe.After studying the acidity and alkalinity of the soil in the No.1 coffin of Zhangjiayao,it is found that the soil in the wooden coffin is neutral soil,which has little impact on the tube beads.On this basis,combined with the current research on jade weathering,it is speculated that the weathering of samples is related to the quality of raw materials and the weathering of samples.