徐州土山二号汉墓中白灰材料的科学研究

Scientific Research on the Lime Materials of the No.2 Han Tomb in Tushan,Xuzhou

徐州土山二号墓是近年来发掘的一座重要的东汉早期诸侯王级墓葬,并成功入选2020年度全国十大考古新发现。该墓葬属于砖室墓,墓葬中多处、大量使用白灰的情况为同时期墓葬中所罕见,代表着当时高度发达的白灰生产和应用的工艺水平。白灰是中国古代应用最为广泛的胶凝材料之一,但目前针对它的科学研究仍存在着较大的空白。为深入探究土山二号白灰的成分和功用,对该墓中白灰的使用情况进行了调查,并利用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)、扫描电镜显微观察(SEM)、碘淀粉实验和多孔材密度、孔隙率、吸水率测试、X射线荧光光谱分析(XRF)等多种技术手段对各类白灰样品进行了分析测试。研究结果显示,土山二号墓中的所有白灰样品均由天然石灰石经人工煅烧后生成,且没有添加骨料成分,反映出汉代时古人烧制石灰的工艺已经十分纯熟;白灰的原材料都来源于利用徐州本地青石类高钙天然材料烧制的石灰,碳酸钙含量到达了85%以上,说明当时在煅烧石灰时已经具有优选原材料的意识;石灰在墓中具有多种用途,包括墓室砖石墙体的砌筑灰浆、墓室踢脚线和顶券的装饰抹灰及棺内墓主尸身下防腐吸潮的衬灰等,说明当时人们已经对石灰的性质有了相当的了解并能够将之善加利用;样品由于与外界自然环境接触,发生了明显的侵蚀和风化,亟需进行加固保护处理。该研究对于了解中国东汉时期古人对石灰性能的认识及其在生产生活中的应用等科技文明发展状况具有重要意义,也为后续相关文物的保护提供了科学的参考。

Xuzhou Tushan Tomb No.2 is an important tomb of princes in the early Eastern Han Dynasty excavated in recent years,and it has been selected as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in the country in 2020.The tomb belongs to a brick-room tomb,and the extensive use of lime in many places is rare in the same period,representing the highly developed technology level of lime production and application at that time.The lime material is one of the most widely used cementitious materials in ancient China,but there is still a significant gap in scientific research.In this paper,the use of lime in the tomb was investigated.Various techniques such as X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry,scanning electron microscopy,Iodine starch experiment and density,porous material density,porosity,water absorption test and X-Ray fluorescence were used to analyse and test various types of lime samples.The research results show that all the lime samples in the No.2 Tomb of Tushan were produced by manual calcination of natural lime,and no aggregate component was added,which reflects that the ancient people in the Han Dynasty were very skilled in lime burning;the raw materials of lime came from lime fired from bluestone-type high-calcium natural materials with calcium carbonate content of more than 85%,indicating that there was already a consciousness of selecting raw materials when calcining lime;lime has a wide variety of uses in the tomb,including masonry mortar for the masonry walls of the tomb,decorative plastering for the masonry walls and top coupons in the tomb,lining for anti-corrosion and moisture absorption under the body of the tomb owner in the coffin,showing that the ancients had a relatively deep understanding of the properties of lime and were able to make good use of it;due to the contact with the external natural environment,the sample has undergone obvious erosion and weathering,so it is urgent to carry out certain protection and reinforcement treatment.This study is of great significance for understanding the development of scientific and technological civilisation,such as the properties of lime,its production status,and its application in production and life among Chinese ancestors during the Eastern Han Dynasty.It also provides a scientific reference for the subsequent protection of related cultural relics.