基于危害性评价的危险废物分级方法研究——以电子行业为例

Research on hazardous waste classification method based on hazard assessment:taking the electronics industry as an example

为解决不同危险特性之间的风险比较及探索危险废物的分级分类管理问题,将危险废物中的有毒有害物质作为风险物质,参考GB 18218—2018《危险化学品重大危险源辨识》和HJ 941—2018《企业突发环境事件风险分级方法》中风险源评价方法中临界量的概念,提出危险废物危害值和危害率的概念,将危险废物的危害性定量化,建立危险废物分级方法,对危险废物及产废企业进行分级。对北京市5家电子行业企业的7种危险废物进行采样检测,并按建立的方法进行评价,结果表明:采集的危险废物涉及易燃性、腐蚀性、毒性,危害率从高到低分别为具有易燃性、腐蚀性、毒性的危险废物;废有机溶剂与酸洗废液的危害值较高;企业的危险废物危害值从大到小依次为A(6.13)、B(2.12)、C(1.23)、E(1.20)、D(0.82)。研究显示,危害率可以区分危险废物自身的固有危害,可作为危险废物分级的指标,比较不同危险特性废物的风险;危害值可作为企业危险废物分级管理的参考。

To address the risk comparison between different hazardous characteristics and explore the classification management of hazardous wastes,toxic and hazardous substances in hazardous wastes were taken as risky substances.Referring to the concept of critical quantity in the risk source evaluation method in Identification of Major Hazard Installations for Hazardous Chemicals(GB 18218-2018)and Classification Method for Environmental Accident Risk of Enterprise(HJ 941-2018),the concepts of hazard value and hazard rate of hazardous wastes were proposed to quantify the hazardousness of hazardous waste,establish hazardous waste grading methods,and grade hazardous waste and waste-producing enterprises.7 kinds of hazardous wastes from 5 enterprises of the electronic industry in Beijing were sampled and tested,and they were evaluated according to the established method.The results show that the collected hazardous wastes involve flammability,corrosiveness and toxicity,with the hazard rate ranging from high to low being the hazardous wastes with flammability,corrosiveness and toxicity,respectively.The hazard value of waste organic solvents and pickling waste liquid is higher.The hazard values of hazardous wastes of the enterprises in descending order are in the following order A(6.13),B(2.12),C(1.23),E(1.20),D(0.82).The study shows that the hazard rate can distinguish the inherent hazards of hazardous waste itself and can be used as an indicator for hazardous waste classification.The risks of hazardous wastes with different hazardous characteristics can also be compared.The hazard value can be used as a reference for enterprise hazardous waste classification and management.