网球专家对截击球落点预判的优势特征分析:眼动证据

Analysis on the advantageous characteristics of tennis expert'prediction of volley drop point:eye movements evidence

目的:截击技术作为网球教学与训练中的一项重要技术,集中体现了网球制胜四个维度中的“快”与“变”,是网球比赛中的一项重要得分手段。在网球比赛中截击球飞行距离短,对运动员预判截击球落点的视觉搜索能力有更高的要求。以运动认知心理学为视角,通过比较两组被试在相同信息量的情境下对网球截击球落点预判的视觉搜索差异,以揭示网球专家在预判过程中的优势,为网球截击技术的教学与训练提供参考。方法:以运动认知心理学为视角,采取专家-新手研究范式和眼动记录法及时间遮蔽技术。专家组选取15名网球二级运动员,经验组选取具有两三年网球基础的15名大学生。在比较专家组与经验组对截击球落点预判的行为和眼动特征的基础上,找出网球专家的预判优势特征。结果:(1)专家组反应时显著低于经验组,准确率显著高于经验组。(2)专家组首注视时间显著低于经验组,瞳孔直径显著小于经验组,注视蜂群图相对集中。在关键兴趣区的注视时间显著高于经验组,专家组重点关注球拍与本方球员两大兴趣区信息。结论:(1)与具有一定网球基础的大学生相比,网球专家的预判行为具有准确率高与反应速度快的优势,说明网球专家预判截击球落点具有明显的行为优势;(2)与具有一定网球基础的大学生相比,网球专家的信息搜索与加工能力具有初始表征能力强、心理负荷小、专注于关键信息的提取等优势,说明竞赛经验丰富的网球专家对于运动信息的搜索与加工具有更高效的优势。

Objective:As an important technique in tennis teaching and training,volley technology focuses on the"fast"and"change"of tennis victory in the four dimensions of tennis,which is an important score in tennis competition.The short flight distance of the volley in tennis matches places higher demands on the players'visual search ability to anticipate the landing point of the volley.Taking the exercise cognition psychology as a perspective,by comparing the differences in visual search between the two groups of subjects in the same amount of information in the context of anticipating the landing point of the volley,in order to reveal the advantages of tennis experts in the process of anticipation,and to provide a reference for the teaching and training of tennis volley technique.Methods:From the perspective of motor cognitive psychology,this paper adopts the expert-novice research paradigm,eye movement recording and time masking techniques.The expert group consists of 15 second-level tennis players,while the experience group comprises 15 college students with two or three years of tennis foundation.To identify the dominant features of the tennis experts'anticipation based on comparing the behavioral and eye-movement features of the expert group and the empirical group on the anticipation of the intercepted ball drop.Results:(1)the expert group had significantly faster response times and higher accuracy compared to the experience group;(2)the expert group had significantly shorter first gaze times,smaller pupil diameter,and more concentrated gaze maps compared to the experience group.Additionally,the attention time in key areas of interest was significantly longer for the expert group,who focused on two areas of interest:the racket and the player.Conclusion:(1)compared with college students with some tennis fundamentals,the tennis experts'anticipation behaviors had the advantage of high accuracy with fast reaction speed,indicating that the tennis experts'anticipation of the landing point of the volley had a significant behavioral advantage;(2)compared with college students with some tennis fundamentals,the information search and processing ability of tennis experts has the advantages of strong initial representation ability,low mental load,and focusing on the extraction of key information,which indicates that tennis experts with rich experience in competitions have the advantage of being more efficient in searching and processing of sports information.