企业数字化转型对劳动力需求的影响:创造抑或破坏?

The Impact of Digital Transformation on Workforce Demand:Create or Disrupt?

稳就业是维持经济高质量发展的关键。数字经济的快速发展带来的就业不确定性引发社会的广泛担忧。利用文本分析法构建企业数字化转型的特征指标并运用2011—2020年沪深A股上市企业样本,考察企业数字化转型对劳动力需求的影响。研究发现:企业数字化转型最终会对劳动力需求产生正向作用;机制检验结果表明,企业数字化转型通过规模扩张效应增加了高、低学历劳动力需求,通过技术升级效应增加了高学历劳动力需求,降低了低学历劳动力需求,在规模扩张效应和技术升级效应共同作用下导致企业会同时增加高学历和低学历劳动力需求;在非国有企业和高新技术企业中,企业数字化转型对劳动力需求的正向作用更明显;进一步研究表明,从员工岗位结构来看,企业数字化转型会增加技术人员和其他人员需求,而减少生产人员需求;从员工薪酬结构来看,企业数字化转型会提高管理层和普通员工薪酬,但对管理层薪酬的促进作用更强。

employment is the key to sustaining high-quality economic development.The job uncertainty caused by the rapid growth of the digital economy has raised concerns for society.This paper uses text analysis to construct the characteristic index of digital transformation of enterprises and uses CSI-A-listed enterprises from 2011 to 2020 as a sample to examine the impact of digital transformation of enterprises on labor demand.First,the digital transformation of enterprises will eventually have a positive impact on labor demand,the study found.Secondly,the results of the mechanism test show that the digital transformation of enterprises increases the demand for labor force with high and low academic qualifications through the scaling effect,increases the demand for labor force with high academic qualifications and reduces the demand for labor force with low academic qualifications through the technology upgrading effect.The combination of scale-up and technological upgrading causes firms to increase demand for both highly educated and low-educated workers.Thirdly,the heterogeneity of research shows that the positive effect of digital transformation on labor force demand is more obvious in non-state-owned enterprises and high-tech enterprises.Fourth,further research shows that the digital transformation of enterprises will increase the demand of technicians and other personnel and reduce the demand of production personnel.From the perspective of employee compensation structure,the digital transformation of enterprises will improve the compensation of management and ordinary employees,but it will promote the compensation of management more.The research results of this paper have important policy implications for understanding the digital transformation of enterprises in promoting the employment of labor force and the high-quality development of the economy.