在线诉讼异步审理的解构与程序再设计

Deconstruction and Procedural Redesign of Asynchronous Trial in Online Litigation

在线诉讼是对线下诉讼空间限制的突破,异步审理模式则是对在线诉讼时间限制的解构。异步审理以错时、书面的形式展开,在降低当事人诉讼成本、提升纠纷解决效率的同时,也对传统民事诉讼法理、诉讼文化产生了极大冲击。特别是异步审理模式与直接言词原则的非契合性,导致书面证言泛化适用、情态证据缺失,增加了发现案件真实的难度,反而与异步审理模式的初衷相违背。故现阶段应当警惕强行适用异步审理模式可能带来的风险,在不能通过法解释学论证异步审理模式正当性的情形下,应当对此种不可调和的冲突做出折衷与让步。在明确异步审理模式将效率作为优先价值考量的基础上,通过完善异步庭前会议的规则设计,在庭审阶段实行同步审理与异步审理并行,构建逾期失权制度、程序交互转换方案以及完善软硬件技术等程序保障措施,从而推动异步审理模式的纵深发展。

Online litigation is a breakthrough to the spatial limitation of offline litigation,and the asynchronous trial mode is a deconstruction of the time limitation of online litigation.Asynchronous trial is carried out in the form of staggered time and writing,which reduces the litigation cost of the parties and enhances the efficiency of dispute resolution,and at the same time,it also has a great impact on the traditional civil litigation jurisprudence and litigation culture.In particular,the non-compatibility between asynchronous trial mode and direct speech principle leads to the generalized application of written testimony and the lack of circumstantial evidence,increasing the difficulty of discovering the true case,but being contrary to the original intention of asynchronous trial mode.Therefore,at this stage one should be vigilant to the risks that may be brought by forcing the application of asynchronous trial mode.In the case that the legitimacy of asynchronous trial mode cannot be proved through legal hermeneutics,compromise and concession should be made to this kind of irreconcilable conflict.On the basis of making it clear that the asynchronous trial mode prioritizes efficiency,the deepening of the asynchronous trial mode should be promoted by improving the design of the rules for the asynchronous pre-trial conference,implementing parallel synchronous and asynchronous trials at the trial stage,and constructing a system for late loss of rights,an interactive conversion programme for the proceedings,as well as perfecting procedural safeguards,such as hardware and software technology.