农业机械化、农机服务与粮食生产技术效率——基于人口老龄化视角

Agricultural mechanization,agricultural mechanization services and technical efficiency of grain production:From the perspective of population aging

基于随机前沿生产函数和多值处理效应模型,使用黑龙江省47个村粮食种植农户样本数据,研究农机服务对老龄农户和非老龄农户粮食生产技术效率的影响。结果表明:当前黑龙江省农户粮食生产平均技术效率为57.2%,总体水平偏低,技术损失较大,存在一定的提升空间;非老龄农户更能从现有的农机服务中获益,农机服务未带来老龄农户技术效率的显著提高,但使得老龄农户留在农业生产之中,形成互补关系;在播种和收获环节,农机服务对技术效率的正向影响受到人口老龄化的抑制,原因在于老龄农户倾向于投入劳动替代农机服务,在不同地块之间转移劳作的成本更高。在发展农机服务、扩大服务经营规模的同时,应考虑农业经营主体的经营特征,完善土地流转机制,促进农业适度规模经营与农机服务协调发展。

Based on the data of 47 villages in Heilongjiang Province,this paper measures the technical efficiency of farmers'grain production,and empirically analyzes the influence of agricultural machinery services(AMS)on the technical efficiency of farmers through stochastic frontier analysis and multivalued treatment effect model.The results show that:The average technical efficiency of farmers'grain production in Heilongjiang Province is 57.2%,which still has room to improve.AMS hasn't significantly improved the technical efficiency of aging farmers,which non-aging farmers can benefit more from AMS.AMS keeps aging farmers in agricultural production which conducts labor complemental effect and weakens the negative impact of population aging.Aging farmers tend to undertake more agricultural production work which makes the cost of transferring labor between different plots higher and the fragment of land's more restraining the AMS's positive effect at sowing and harvesting stage.While developing AMS and expanding the scale of service operations,it is necessary to insist farmer household as production unit,improve the land mechanization and rural inclusive finance to make more credit opportunities of farmers and mitigate the negative shock of population aging.