中华文明影响下东亚古代都城规划研究——以朝鲜、日本与越南为例

THE ANCIENT CAPITAL CITY PLANNING IN EAST ASIA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION:A CASE STUDY OF KOREA,JAPAN,AND VIETNAM

中国在数千年城市规划演进中形成了多种都城规划模式,并通过中华文明影响周边地区这一途径传至东亚国家。以纵向贯通、横向比较的方式,系统分析不同时期朝鲜、日本、越南三个东亚国家受中国古代都城规划影响的方式与内容。认为,第一,朝鲜、日本、越南诸国受影响的起止时间、方式有所差异,主要有汉人建设与管理、直接或间接向中国学习等方式。第二,诸国在都城选址、空间结构等方面几乎完全仿效中国,但由于仿效的中国都城不同,学习与创新的内容亦不尽相同。第三,东亚诸国在历代都城规划中延续或遵循了共同的理念,同时,结合本国自然条件与社会情况对中国模式进行了灵活运用或创新。总体而言,中华文明影响下,东亚古代都城规划是学习与创新并举、共性与差异共存的,形成了既有相似性又具有各国特色的都城规划模式。

Over thousands of years of urban planning evolution in China,a variety of capital city planning models have been formed and spread to East Asian countries because of the influence of Chinese civilization on neighboring countries.Based on longitudinal connection and horizontal comparison,this paper systematically analyzes how and in which aspects the three East Asian countries:Korea,Japan and Vietnam were influenced by ancient Chinese capital city planning in different periods.The findings reveal that,firstly,Korea,Japan and Vietnam differ from each other in the starting and ending times and ways of influence,mainly focusing on the Han people’s construction and management,and learning directly or indirectly from China.Secondly,these countries almost completely imitated China in terms of site selection and spatial structure of their capital cities.However,learning from different Chinese capital cities,they differ in the contents of learning and innovation.Thirdly,these East Asian countries followed the common philosophies in the planning for their capital cities,and at the same time they flexibly applied or improved the Chinese model in line with their own natural conditions and social situations.Generally speaking,these East Asian countries,under the influence of Chinese civilization,formed the capital planning models with both similarities and unique national characteristics,which are results of both learning and innovation and characterized by coexistence of commonality and difference.