基本养老保险待遇损失赔偿的社会法反思与规则构建

Reflections on Social Law and Its Rules of Construction of Compensation for Loss of Basic Pension Insurance Benefits

当前我国基本养老保险待遇损失原因多样,关系混杂,赔偿的计算方法和赔偿标准各异,赔偿功能和权益维护理念不明,争议处理程序公私交叉等,给司法实务造成诸多困惑,也使得此类损失赔偿规则的建立有了特殊性。通过文献梳理,发现现有基本养老保险待遇损失赔偿及争议有行政化倾向,并未充分揭示基本养老保险社会合作事务性质,应利用社会法的知识和原理对其重新审视。研究建议:应保持基本养老保险三大关系相对独立,将基本养老保险合同即基础关系界定为“社会法上的债”,社会保险经办机构为社会债务人而非行政主体,形成该社会债请求权和请求规则;针对基本养老保险权利的特殊性,应建立继续履行、恢复原状优先,适当赔偿或补偿补充的社会债救济规则。

At present,the reasons behind the loss of basic pension insurance benefits are diverse and complex,whilst the relationships involved are mixed.Problems such as differing calculation methods and compensation standards,unclear compensation function and concept of protecting rights and interests of claimants,and the crossover dispute resolution procedures between public and private interests have raised challenges for the judicial practice,making the establishment of rules for compensating this type of loss more difficult.Through reviewing literature,it is found that there is an administrative tendency in the compensation and disputes of existing basic pension insurance benefits,which does not fully reveal the nature of the social cooperative affairs of basic pension insurance.Thus,perspectives and principles of social law should be used to reinterpret the issue.The current research suggests that three major relationships involved in basic pension insurance be kept relatively independent,and the basic pension insurance contract be defined as a "debt under social law",while social security agencies should be regarded as social debtors instead of administrative entities,forming the claims of the society and the rules of claims.In view of the particularity of the basic endowment insurance rights,a set of social debt relief rules of providing appropriate compensation or supplement payment to compensate for the loss of rights for basic pension insurance should be established,in addition to continuing fulfilling its social obligations and the priority given to restoration to the original state.