法定法官原则:刑事管辖制度的确定性与救济性

The Principle of Lawful Judge:Certainty and Remediability of the Criminal Jurisdiction System

刑事管辖作为程序性规则涵盖预先确定性和可救济性,发挥着保障司法公正之基础功能。实践中提级管辖适用条件模糊、指定管辖滥用及集中管辖正当性缺失等问题极大动摇了刑事管辖制度确定性根基,客观上造成了管辖制度不确定性的“危机”;刑事被追诉方事实上的管辖异议权及程序性制裁措施阙如使得发生管辖错误时缺乏救济途径。《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改在即,有必要引入国际通行的法定法官原则,严格按照法律预先确定标准划分管辖法院的同时,也应明确被追诉人享有法定法官审判的权利,并规定违反法定法官原则程序效力相对无效的法律后果。

Criminal jurisdiction,as a procedural rule,is designed to ensure pre-certainty and remediability,thereby safeguarding judicial fairness.However,in practice,the system is plagued by issues such as the ambiguity of conditions for elevated jurisdiction,the abuse of designated jurisdiction,and the lack of justification for centralized jurisdiction.These issues have severely eroded the foundation of certainty in the criminal jurisdiction system,leading to a crisis of uncertainty.The lack of a“de facto”right to object to jurisdiction for the accused and the lack of procedural sanctions means no remedy when a jurisdiction occurs.In light of these challenges,it is imperative to introduce the principle of a lawful judge,strictly delineate the jurisdiction in accordance with standards predetermined by law,clarify that the accused enjoys the right to be tried by a lawful judge and provide for relative ineffectiveness of procedures that violate the principle of the lawful judge.