明末福建闽南漳州方言音系及其性质研究——《漳州话语法》(1620)个案研究

A Study on the Phonological System and Its Characteristics of the Late Ming Dynasty Zhangzhou Dialect in Southern Fujian-A Case Study Based on the Newly Discovered Spanish Missionary Manuscript Arte de la lengua Chio Chiu

近年来,我们发现一部西班牙传教士编撰的明末漳州方言文献手稿本《漳州话语法》。本文首先对《漳州话语法》音系进行归纳,归纳出声母17个,韵母60个,声调7个,并对其音值进行拟测。其次,将《漳州话语法》音系与清代两种西文文献《福建方言字典》和《福建漳州方言词汇》进行历史比较。通过比较,《漳州话语法》比清代两种文献少了声母gn[η],声调系统则是一致的,只有60个韵母,比《福建方言字典》少26个韵母,比《福建漳州方言词汇》少10个韵母,这是由于三种文献中《漳州话语法》体量最小的缘故。通过考证,《福建方言字典》反映了漳州府漳浦县方言音系,《福建漳州话词汇》则反映了漳州府龙溪县方言音系。最后,《漳州话语法》音系与现代漳州10个主要方言点进行历时比较,笔者认为,《漳州话语法》音系应该是综合了明末漳州府海澄、龙溪、漳浦等方言点的综合音系。

In recent years,we have discovered a manuscript of Arte de la lengua Chio Chiu written by a Spanish missionary about the Late Ming Dynasty's Zhangzhou dialect.This paper first inducts the phonological system of the manuscript,summarizing 17 initial consonants,60 finals,and 7 tones,and constructing its phonetics.Secondly,the phonological system is historically compared with two Qing Dynasty western literatures,A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language and Vocabulary of the Hok-kien Dialect.Through comparison,the manuscript has one less initial consonant ‘gn[η]',but the tonal system is consistent with the other two.It only has 60 vowels,which is 26 less than A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language,and 1o less than Vocabulary of the Hok-kien Dialect,due to the least volume in the three types of literature.Through textual research,A Dictionary of the Hok-keen Dialect of the Chinese Language reflects the phonological system of Zhangpu County in Zhangzhou Prefecture,while Vocabulary of the Hok-kien Dialect mirrors that of Longxi County.Lastly,after being compared diachronically with 10 main dialect points in modern Zhangzhou,it appears that the phonological system of the manuscript should be a comprehensive blend that combines dialect points from the end of the Ming Dynasty,including Haicheng,Longxi,and Zhangpu in Zhangzhou prefecture.