门隅达旺寺创建者梅热·喇嘛洛追嘉措功绩

me rag bla ma blo gros rgya mtsho:the founder of dga’ldan rnam rgyal lha rtse monastery in Mon Tawang

据《卓瓦桑姆》《达旺寺主持交接仪轨》《1680年五世达赖赐予门隅、珞隅之文书》等相关历史文献,门隅“达旺”一词早在公元8世纪就已有记载。梅热·喇嘛洛追嘉措(?—1682),诞生于梅热萨顶地区。1654年由五世达赖喇嘛授予比丘戒,学习显密宗派理论。1680年受五世达赖喇嘛的旨意,把当时已建造在梅热和萨顶地区的两座格鲁派寺院迁址到达旺地区,在门隅创建达旺寺,实行政教合一治理边境。为此,五世达赖喇嘛专门赐文书,赞颂梅热·喇嘛洛追嘉措在该地区边境治理过程的功绩;甘丹颇章各历史阶段,在原有供产区域的基础上,将错那以下所有寺院的管理权收归到达旺寺,并颁布“若生三子,可收第二子为僧”的僧差法,以及辖区民众须缴纳粮税等新规,同时将所有行事权赐予梅热·喇嘛洛追嘉措。公元18世纪初,西藏地方政府又将错那宗、江卡宗、森格宗、德让宗、达隆宗等宗域划分为“四宗”、“三十二个错或定”,并推选“佐根”(即首要负责人)和“拉涅”(即达旺寺喇嘛官邸司库僧管各一,简称拉捏)等官职,建立达旺四联、六联、七联、九联、达旺塔巴措等有效行政管理机构。虽然门隅达旺寺现如今仍屹立于中印不三国交界处,但通过藏文古籍文献的对比与梳理,能有力佐证在历史上其为西藏地方政府的管辖,且梅热·喇嘛洛追嘉措在17世纪门隅地区建立和巩固行政管辖和边境治理过程中作出了历史性贡献。

me rag bla ma blo gros rgya mtsho(?1682),was born in me rag sag steng,which is the second name of Tawang region.In 1654,he was ordained by the Fifth Dalai Lama,studied cultural subjects and revealed Tantric theory,and went to Monyul in 1680 to establish Tawang Monastery.Today,the temple still stands on the border of China,India and Bhutan,and has become a proof of the jurisdiction and border management of the local government of Tibet.This paper examines me rag bla ma blo gros rgya mtsho’s contribution to the development of Tawang place.In accordance with the historical sources such as vgo ba bzang mo’i rnam thar,Tawang dgon gyi slob dpon rtsis sprod kyi deb,1680 lor rgyal dbang lnga bas mon yul du gnang ba’i she bam,lnga pa drug par vphos gtam rna ba’i bcud len,1731 lor pho lha bas mon yul du gnang ba’i bka’yig,Tawang dgon pa’i lo rgyus mon yul gsal ba’i me long,the geographical location of Tawang was confirmed by field research,which also positively answered the origin of the boundary dispute between China and India.In the beginning of the 18th century,the local government of Tibet redivided the Mon yul mtsho sna into four areas:Rgya mkhar,Seng ge,Rdi rang and stag lung.On the basis of a large number of historical documents,this paper fully demonstrates the incontrovertibility that Monyul Tawang belongs to the Tibetan local government in historically.