认知语言学视阈下的藏语定中结构——“参照体”和“目标物”构式

Tibetan Median Structure from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics:“reference body”and“target”configurations

“参照体”和“目标物”是认知系统中的一对概念,通过“参照体”的帮助达到“目标物”,是人们的基本认知策略。“参照体”和“目标物”构式同时作为人类思维活动的基本认知结构,自然成了很多语法结构形式的认知基础,藏语定中结构也体现了这一认知方式和特点。文章认为藏语定中结构的认知基础是“参照体”和“目标物”,其中定语是“参照体”,中心语是“目标物”“参照体”的职责是将“目标物”引入认知场景,所以需要具有比“目标体”更高的可信度和相似度;人们感知视野中的“目标物”和“参照体”通常采取两种方式,一种是从“目标物”到“参照体”,藏语中用“NP1+NP2+于格助词+存在动词”表达,另一种是从“参照体”到“目标物”,藏语中用常规语序的存在句或定中结构表达;从说话者的角度而言,定语的生成晚于中心语。而听众作为接受信息者,定语的生成则早于中心语;有关联的两个实体,信息度较高的适于作“参照体”,反之亦然,藏语也遵守这一规则;“参照体-目标”构式不仅适用于藏语词语的结构,还适用于语篇的组织。多个“参照体-目标物”关系环环相扣,可以形成“参照体-目标物”关系链。

“Reference body”and“target object”are a pair of categories in the cognitive system,and it is the basic cognitive strategy of people to achieve the target object with the help of the reference body.The“reference body”and“target object”configuration are also the basic cognitive structures of human thinking activities,and naturally become the cognitive basis of many grammatical structures,and the Tibetan definite structure also reflects this cognitive mode and characteristics,and even believes that the cognitive basis of the Tibetan definite structure is the“reference body”and“target object”.In addition,through the cognitive method of“reference body-target”,it is possible to answer the question of which of the Tibetan determiners and the central ones is formed.The article points out that from the speaker’s point of view,the determiner is generated later than the central word.As the listener is the recipient of the message,the determiner is generated before the central word.