公社所有制与资本扩张的时间界限--基于马克思的类型学研究视角

Communal Ownership and the Temporal Boundaries of Capital Expansion:From the Perspective of Marx’s Typology Research

同化与排异是资本扩张过程中的一对基本矛盾。就马克思所生活的19世纪而言,资本同化世界历史进程虽然是时代主旋律,但也不可忽视大量前资本主义因素对资本扩张的排异现象。其中,公社因内含公有与私有两种所有制形态,并且提供了公有制演化为私有制的历史线索,对资产阶级私有制天然合理的论断提出了严峻挑战,从而成为资本扩张进程中遭受重创且无法消弭的时间界限。结合马克思对公社所有制的研究历程,可将其概括为德国公社的封建化、印度公社的殖民化和俄国公社的革命化三种类型,以此探究以公社为代表的前资本主义因素在马克思《资本论》研究中的理论地位。

Assimilation and exclusion are the fundamental contradictions in the process of capital expansion.In 19th century,when Marx lived,the assimilation of capital into the world historical process was the main theme of the times,but the exclusion of capital expansion by a large number of pre-capitalist factors could not be ignored.Among them,the commune,with its two forms of public and private ownership,and its historical clues to the evolution of public ownership into private ownership,posed a serious challenge to the assertion of the natural rationality of the capitalist private ownership,and thus became a time limit in the process of capital expansion that could not be eliminated.This paper explores the theoretical status of the pre-capitalist factors represented by the commune in Marx’s study of Das Kapital by summarizing them into three types:the feudalization of the German commune,the colonization of the Indian commune,and the revolutionization of the Russian commune.