论作为兜底罪名的帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪

On the crime of assisting in information network criminalactivities as an undercover charge

随着网络产业在新时期的迅猛发展,我国帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪定罪数量逐年上涨,由此引发对该罪名立法设定与司法适用广泛而激烈的反思和质疑,批判帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪成为兜底罪名的见解层出叠见。为规范该罪名的现实运行以及释放该罪名的内在价值,我国应立足该罪的本质意涵,肯定该罪帮助行为正犯化的立法本质,科学看待其兜底罪名的性质特征,重新审视过往对于兜底罪名全然否定的标签,明确该罪的积极意义。在立法设计方面,帮助信息网络犯罪活动罪针对网络犯罪非接触性、去地域性以及分工离散性的特点,以切断电信网络诈骗等信息网络犯罪的犯罪支援为核心要旨,体现“围点打援”的犯罪打击策略,实现对网络犯罪本身的治罪和治理,在立法技术与立法策略方面具备充分的合理性。在司法实践方面,首先,应当保障罪名适用的处罚正当性,精确罪名的可罚性等价程度,实现罪名处罚的正当性;其次,应建立定罪量刑的归类模型,对行为定罪量刑进行归类分析,构建使法秩序得到统一的结构模型;再次,应规范不同层级罪名适用条件,拒绝随意化与扩张化地认定犯罪;最后,应准确把握明知要件的适用条件,防止帮助行为自身类型化特征不足而诱发的罪刑法定原则危机,充分释放该罪在信息网络犯罪治理中的积极价值,实现刑法保护机能和保障机能的动态平衡。

With the rapid development of the Internet industry in the new era,the number of convictions for assisting in information network crimes in China has been increasing year by year,which has sparked widespread and intense reflection and questioning on the legislative setting and judicial application of this crime.Opinions criticizing assisting in information network crimes as an undercover charge have emerged one after another.In order to standardize the practical operation of this crime and release its intrinsic value,China should base itself on the essential meaning of this crime,affirm the legislative essence of the criminalization of this crime,candidly acknowledge the nature and characteristics of its undercover charges,re-examine the previous label of completely denying undercover charges,and clarify the positive significance of this crime.In terms of legislative design,the crime of assisting in information network crimes aims to address the characteristics of non-contact,non-regional,and discrete division of labor in network crimes,with the core purpose of cutting off criminal support for information network crimes such as telecommunications network fraud,reflecting the criminal strike strategy of“encirclement and support”,realizing the punishment and governance of cybercrime itself,and having full rationality in legislative technology and strategies.In judicial practice,the first step is to ensure the legitimacy of the punishment applied to the charges,accurately determine the equivalent degree of the charges,and achieve the legitimacy of the punishment for the charges.Secondly,a classification model for conviction and sentencing should be established to classify and analyze behavior conviction and sentencing,and a structural model should be constructed to unify legal order.Thirdly,the applicable conditions for different levels of crimes should be standardized to reject arbitrary and expansionary criminal identification.Finally,the applicable conditions for knowing elements should be accurately grasped to prevent the crisis of legal principle caused by insufficient typification characteristics of assisting behavior itself,fully release the positive value of this crime in information network crime governance,and achieve a dynamic balance between protection function and safeguard function of criminal law.