“意识形态”虚名下的利益考量——美国对阿拉伯民族主义政策的缘起

Interests Consideration in the Name of Ideology:The Origins of American Policy Toward Arab Nationalism

20世纪50年代,阿拉伯民族主义浪潮席卷整个中东地区。为维护自身在中东地区的核心利益,美国艾森豪威尔政府的中东政策经历重要转变。执政初期,艾森豪威尔将阿拉伯民族主义划分为“良善”与“激进”两股势力,企图改变阿拉伯民族主义内部的力量对比,削弱“激进”阿拉伯民族主义的政治倾向,然而这种“蓄意引导”的策略并未实现艾森豪威尔政府的预期目标,反而在阿拉伯世界引发大规模的民族主义浪潮。考虑到苏联在中东地区的影响力逐渐加强,美国改变对“激进”民族主义的敌对态度,并试图联合纳赛尔共同对抗活跃于中东地区的共产主义者。主导艾森豪威尔时期美国对阿拉伯民族主义政策的原因与美国对中东战略之根源类似,与意识形态即宗教、共产主义或民族主义价值观无关,其确立与调整的根基在于美国称霸世界的国家利益。

In the 1950s,a wave of Arab nationalism swept across the Middle East,prompting the Eisenhower administration to significantly modify U.S.Middle East policy to safeguard Western interests.Initially,Eisenhower categorized Arab nationalism into“benign”and“radical”factions,attempting to manipulate these distinctions to alter the balance of power and weaken the influence of radical nationalism.However,rather than achieving its intended effect,this policy inadvertently fueled a broader surge of nationalism throughout the Arab world.As the influence of the Soviet Union in the region grew,the U.S.revised its stance,and sought an alliance with Gamal Abdel Nasser to counteract communist forces in the Middle East.The driving forces behind the Eisenhower administration’s policies on Arab nationalism,much like the broader U.S.strategy in the Middle East,were rooted not in ideological affiliations with religion,communism,or nationalism,but in the pragmatic pursuit of national interests aimed at global dominance.