从优胜到兼济:拔尖学生志趣形成中的价值倾向

From Excellence to Responsibilities:Value Orientations in the Development of Top-Notch Students'Aspirations

国家主导下的拔尖创新人才选育模式期待个人的天赋才干经历学术磨砺后自觉地贡献于国家和人民。其选拔制度带有竞争“优胜”的取向,而培养目标则要求“兼济”家国的品格。为此“,拔尖计划”入围学生具有怎样的价值倾向;他们在个人、家庭与国家之间,在荣誉、财富与学术成就之间,在自我、他人与不同文化观念之间,形成了怎样的价值排序值得关注。基于对全国7所一流大学1 543名拔尖学生的调查,运用潜类别分析识别了“领袖型”、“专家型”、“功利型”与“疏离型”四类价值倾向及其人数比例;进而运用Lanza方法、BCH方法以及三步法等统计方法,揭示四类学生在学习成绩、科研投入时间和家庭收入方面的异同。研究发现“,专家型”“、领袖型”“、功利型”“、疏离型”学生占比分别为48%、22%、16%、14%。其中,前三类学生虽然在学业表现上没有显著分化,但由于价值倾向不同,他们将日渐形成不同的志趣;“疏离型”学生状态不佳,被动接受塑造,却未内化形成真正的自我认知。如何引导学生确立更加成熟的价值信念,培育入选学生的人文素养和济世品格,应成为“拔尖计划”进一步关注的问题。

The state-led mode for top-notch innovative talent selection and cultivation expects the talented students to consciously contribute their natural aptitudes and talent to the country and the people after their academic training.This talent-selecting system is oriented to"winning"in competitions,and the talent-training goal requires concurrent emphasis on the strong affection for both the family and the country.To this end,it is worth noticing what value orientations are owned by the students listed on the top-notch talent cultivation program,and how they prioritize the types of their value,shaped among individuals,families and the country,among honor,wealth and academic achievements,and among themselves,others and different cultures.Based on a survey of 1,543 top-notch students from 7 first-class universities in China,this study uses latent class analysis to identify four types of value orientations,namely the"leader"type,the"expert"type,the"utilitarianism"type,and the"alienation"type(showing ambiguous value orientations),along with their proportions,and uses such statistical methods as the Lanza method,the BCH method and the three-step approaches to reveal the similarities and differences between the students with these types of value orientations in academic performance,the time spent on research,and the family income.The results show the following:The students with the"expert"type,the"leader"type,the"utilitarianism"type,and the"alienation"type accounted for 48%,22%16%,and 14%,respectively;among them,the former three types of students did not show a significant difference in academic performance,but owing to their different value orientations they would develop different interests;and the"alienation-type"students,who passively shaped their values,were not in a good state,and did not yet develop genuine self-awareness.Therefore,the top-notch talent cultivation program needs to pay further attention to such problems as how to direct students to establish more mature values and beliefs,and how to cultivate the humanistic competencies and philanthropic character of those students selected as top-notch innovative talents.