警察使用武器的刑法性质辨析

Analysis of the Criminal Law Nature of Police Weapon Use

关于警察使用武器的刑法属性,理论上存在依法令行为或执行职务说、正当防卫的特别类型说、制止犯罪的正当行为说和正当防卫与执行职务竞合说等四种立场。正当防卫论虽然在司法解释、行政法层面具有成文依据,但这一立场显然没有看到警察使用武器的公权属性,难以说明防卫之外合法使用武器的情形,其解释力有限。考虑到警察使用武器与职务行为存在内在关联,将其认定为执行职务行为更为妥当。警察使用武器在刑法上应立足履职过程中的法益衡量建构正当性基础。警察使用武器的具体规则应当区分执法和司法分别展开。就执法而言,警察使用武器应立足行为规制机能,满足警察法层面的形式合法性和实质合理性两方面要求。就司法而言,警察武器使用应立足人权保障与法益保护,围绕职务行为保护优越法益展开。

The criminal law nature of police use of weapons has four theories:acting according to legal au-thority or official duty,a special type of justifiable defense,lawful behavior to prevent crime,and the combi-nation of justifiable defense and official duty.Although the justifiable defense theory has written basis in judi-cial interpretations and administrative law,it fails to recognize the public authority attribute of police use of weapons and cannot adequately explain the lawful use of weapons beyond defense,thus limiting its explanatory power.Given the inherent connection between police use of weapons and official duties,it is more appropriate to consider it as an act of official duty.The legitimacy of police use of weapons in criminal law should be grounded in the balancing of legal interests during the performance of duties.The specific rules for police use of weapons should be differentiated between law enforcement and judicial actions.For law enforcement,police use of weapons should be based on regulations,satisfying both legality and reasonableness under police law.For judicial actions,the use of police weapons should focus on human rights protection and legal interest safe-guarding,prioritizing the protection of superior legal interests.