实施科学的前世今生(下篇)——理论、范式和特点

Past and Present of Implementation Science(PartⅡ)——Theories,Paradigm,and Characteristics

实施科学经过20余年的发展已建立起一套理论、模型和框架,可用于指导实施过程,确定影响实施的因素,并评价实施效果。在理论的指导下,实施性研究强调以问题为导向,寻找解决问题的循证实践,识别实施循证实践的障碍和促进因素,并选择性地应用实施策略推动循证实践的采用、实施和维持,从而形成实施性研究范式。这一范式亦赋予了实施性研究在研究设计方面的鲜明特色,包括大量使用理论、模型和框架,符合真实世界和环境,应用混合研究设计,采用快速研究方法,以及根据实施环境优化干预。本文作为“实施科学的前世今生”下篇,将简要介绍实施科学的理论、范式和特点。

Implementation science has evolved over more than 20 years and established a set of theories,models,and frameworks that can be used to guide the implementation process,identify implementation⁃influen⁃cing factors,and evaluate implementation effectiveness.Guided by theories,the implementation research para⁃digm has been developed to emphasize a problem⁃oriented approach that seeks to solve problems,identify barri⁃ers to implementing evidence⁃based practices,and selectively employ implementation strategies to facilitate their adoption,implementation,and maintenance.This paradigm also gives implementation research distinctive characteristics in terms of research design,including extensive use of theories,models,and frameworks,align⁃ment with real⁃world and contextual settings,use of mixed research designs,use of rapid research methods,and optimization of interventions for the context in which they are to be implemented.As the second part of Past and Present of Implementation Science,this paper provides a brief introduction to the theories,paradigms,and char⁃acteristics of implementation science.