河北省矮砧密植苹果园土壤养分丰缺状况及其空间分布特征

Soil nutrient abundance and deficiency and its spatial distribution characteristics in dwarf-rootstock apple orchards in Hebei Province

在河北省矮砧密植苹果种植的太行山产区、燕山产区,选取了60个典型苹果园,包括32个幼龄园(0~4年)和28个成龄园(5~10年),采集0~20 cm土层土壤样品,分析土壤有机质含量、大量元素与微量元素的丰缺状况,明确土壤养分的空间分布特征。结果表明:太行山产区和燕山产区的苹果园土壤有机质含量偏低,幼龄园处于低及以下水平的样点占比为83%,成龄园中处于低及以下水平的样点占比为54%;两大产区幼龄园有机质含量无显著差异,太行山产区成龄园有机质含量高于幼龄园。碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均表现为成龄园大于幼龄园。太行山产区和燕山产区的幼龄园土壤碱解氮含量分别为46.31、57.52 mg/kg,大部分区县处于低及以下水平;2个产区的有效磷含量分别为27.37、17.40 mg/kg,均处于较高水平;2个产区的速效钾含量分别为97.90、74.96 mg/kg,大部分区县处于低及以下水平。2个产区的成龄园土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均为适量及以上水平,其样点占比分别为83%、92%、74%。2大产区土壤碱解氮含量差异均不显著,太行山产区的有效磷、速效钾含量均高于燕山产区。幼龄园和成龄园的土壤有效铁、有效锌含量丰富,适量及以上的样点占比为72%~88%;2个产区的果园土壤有效锰含量均较低,其中燕山产区幼龄园和成龄园平均值分别为12.30、15.87 mg/kg,太行山产区平均值分别为9.12、12.31 mg/kg;有效铜含量较丰富,与苹果园频繁使用波尔多液有关。两大产区果园有效铁、有效铜、有效锌含量丰富,有效锰缺乏。河北省矮砧密植苹果园需增施有机肥和锰肥,幼龄园适量增施氮肥、钾肥,成龄园合理控施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥。

In the Taihang Mountain and Yanshan production areas of Hebei Province,60 typical apple orchards,including 32 young orchards(0~4 years)and 28 mature orchards(5~10 years),were selected,and soil samples were collected from 0~20 cm soil layer to analyze the content of soil organic matter,the abundance and deficiency of macroelements and trace elements,and to clarify the spatial distribution characteristics of soil nutrients.The results showed that the soil organic matter content of apple orchards in Taihang Mountain and Yanshan areas was low,and the proportion of samples at low and below level in young orchards was 83%,respectively,and 54%in mature orchards,respectively.There was no significant difference in the organic matter content of the young orchards in the two major producing areas,and the organic matter content of the adult orchards in the Taihang Mountain producing area was higher than that in the kindergartens.The conlents of alk ali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium were larger in adult orchards than in kindergartens.The soil alk ali hydrolyzable nitrogen content of kindergartens in Taihang Mountain and Y anshan production areas was 46.31 mg/kg and 57.52 mg/kg,respectively,and most of the districts and counties were at a low or below level.The available phosphorus content in the two producing areas was 27.37 mg/kg and 17.40 mg/kg,respectively,which were at a high level.The available potassium content in the two producing areas was 97.90 mg/kg and 74.96 mg/kg,respectively,and most of them were at low or below levels,except for some districts and counties.The content of alk ali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available polassium in the malure orchards of the two producing areas were all at an appropriale level or above,and the sample points accounted for 83%,92%and 74%,respetively.There was no significant difference in soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen content between the two producing areas.The content of available phosphorus and available polassium in Taihang Mountain was higher than that in Yanshan area.The soil available iron content and available zinc content of kindergarten and adult garden were abundant,and the proportion of samples with appropriate amount or above was 72%~88%.The soil available manganese content of orchards in the two producing areas was low,and the average values of young and adult orchards in Yanshan area were 12.30 and 15.87 mg/kg,respectively,and the average values in Taihang Mountain production area were 9.12 and 12.31 mg/kg,respectively.The ffctive copper content is abundant,which is related to the frequent use of Bordeaux liquid in apple orchards.The orchards in the two major producing areas are rich in available iron,copper and zine,and lack of available manganese.In Hebei Province,organic fertilizer and manganese fertilizer should be increased in apple orchards planted with dwarf rootstocks,nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be increased in young orchards,and nitrogen ferilizer,phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer should be reasonably controlled in mature orchards.