出土文献的四重维度与“二重证据法”之再审视

Re-examining Four Aspects of Excavated Texts and“Twofold-Evidence Method”

出土文献的重要性不言而喻,其在史料学意义上的价值和作用,应该通过记述时代、生成时代、抄写时代、埋藏时代四个维度进行审视和衡量。记述时代与生成时代相一致的文献,其可信性最高;记述时代与生成时代相距甚远的文献,不能用作记述时代的可信史料,而应视为反映了生成时代的思想史和学术史的资料。对于出土文献与传世文献,应该在同一个层面平等审视。“二重证据法”在学界的认识和实践中分化出两个版本。王国维版“二重证据法”具有深刻的历史背景和特殊的语境,并非在普遍意义上对出土文献与传世文献之间关系的专门阐述,不宜脱离具体的语境而过度推广应用到出土文献的研究上来。相对而言,陈寅恪版“二重证据法”对待出土文献的态度更为平实客观,在应用上更具可操作性和延展性。

Unearthed documents are very important.The value and role of them should be examined and measured from four aspects:the era in which they were composed,the era in which they were created,the era in which they were copied and the era in which they were buried.When the first two are consistent,the credibility is highest.When there is a long gap in time between the first two,the documents cannot be used as credible historical materials in determining the time when they were composed,but as the materials reveling the history of thought and ic academ-studies of the era in which they were created.Unearthed documents and legacy documents should be examined equally on the same level.Wang Guowei’s version of the“twofold-evidence method”,due to its complex historical background and special context,should be ther nei-universally applicable in discussing the relationship between excavated documents and acy leg-ones,nor appropriate to be overextended to the study of excavated documents without any consideration of its specific context.In comparison,Chen Yinke’s version of the“twofold-evi-dence method”is more down-to-earth in dealing the excavated documents,thus more operable and extendable in its application.