环境中毒品检测技术研究进展与展望

The developments and future of drug detection technology for environmental samples

近年来国际禁毒形势日趋严峻,2021年UNODC年终报告显示十年来甲基苯丙胺、大麻、可卡因等传统毒品贩运量持续上升,新精神活性物质(NPS)层出不穷,毒品及其前体、代谢物已成为一组新污染物,随着制造、贩运中的倾倒和吸毒者滥用广泛存在于水体、大气、污泥和土壤等环境介质中,危害人类和动物安全。环境中的毒品检测数据可以客观、实时、准确和有效地反应当地毒品使用情况,掌握空间分布和时间变化规律,监测毒情发展态势并合理评估毒品滥用趋势,通过综合全面的数据分析协助打击相关违法犯罪活动。目前污水监测已经成为全球各国毒情监测的重要手段,通过污水检验可以合理评估某地毒品消耗量,同时通过污水管网溯源技术可以有效缩小制毒窝点地域排查范围,做到精准打击。而大气和污泥以及土壤中的毒品检测在国外部分国家和城市已有开展,但并未作为一项长期监测手段。通过多种方式对环境中的毒品进行长期监控,不仅有利于更新地区的毒情状况,而且能够更好地了解当地毒品使用变化趋势并发现新的滥用毒品。对于未来更精准监控和打击毒品犯罪提供数据支撑。本文综述了国内外包含污水、大气、污泥在内的不同环境基质中,毒品等相关化合物检测的方法和研究进展,包括目前研究中相关化合物在不同环境中的来源和存在形式、不同基质样品的制备以及在环境中的浓度分析,结合目前各类检测方法中存在的问题与不足,最后对环境中毒品检测技术和毒情综合监测体系进行展望。

In recent years,the international drug control situation has become increasingly serious.According to the statistical data of the year 2021 from UNODC,in the past decade,the trafficking volume of traditional drug(such as methamphetamine,cannabis and cocaine)has continued to rise,new psychoactive substances(NPS)have emerged one after another,the drugs as well as their precursors and metabolites have become a new group of pollutants.They widely exist in environmental media such as water,air,sludge and soil,due to the manufacture and abuse of drugs,which endangers human and animal safety.Drug detection data from environmental samples can reflect the local drug use situation objectively,realtime,accurately and effectively,which is helpful to grasp the spatial distribution and time changes,monitor the development trends of drug abuse,assess the trend of drug abuse reasonably,and assist in combating related illegal and criminal activities through comprehensive data analysis.At present,sewage monitoring has become an important means of drug monitoring in countries around the world.Sewage testing can assess drug consumption in a place reasonably,and sewage network traceability technology can reduce the scope of regional investigation of drug manufacturing dens effectively,so as to combat accurately.Drug detection in the atmosphere,sludge and soil has been carried out in some foreign countries,but it has not been used as a long-term monitoring means.Long-term monitoring of drugs from the environment in a variety of ways not only helps to effectively update the drug situation in the region,but also to better understand local trends in drug use and identify new drugs of abuse.It will provide data support for more accurate monitoring and combating drug crimes in the future.This paper reviews the methods for detecting drugs and other related compounds in different environmental matrices including sewage,atmosphere and sludge in China and other countries,including the study on the sources and forms of related compounds in different environments,the preparation of different matrix samples and the quantitative analysis of drugs from environment,as well as the existing problems and shortcomings of various detection methods.Finally,the drug detection technology and comprehensive monitoring system in the environment are prospected.