促效还是抑能?时间压力对员工工作效能的双刃剑效应:来自元分析的证据

Promoting Effect or Inhibiting Energy? The Double-Edged Sword Effect of Time Stress on Employee Work Effectiveness: Evidence from Meta-analysis

“增质提效”是VUCA时代下各行各业追求的竞争优势,日益残酷的工作环境意味着员工需要在不断被压缩的时间期限内完成难度胜于以往的工作目标,因此越来越多的研究与实践着重关注对员工施加的时间压力能否带来预期收益。本研究以COR理论为基础,CAPS理论为分析框架,利用元分析结构方程模型方法定量综述时间压力对员工工作效能的双刃剑效应。研究共纳入212篇原始文献,共292个效应量(总样本量N=103205),并检验了内在资源的中介效应,员工类型、文化背景以及测量工具的调节作用。结果表明,时间压力对员工内在资源、工作态度、工作行为和绩效与创新产生双刃剑影响。具体而言,时间压力对员工的“促效”作用体现在,时间压力提高员工工作效能感、工作幸福感、工作投入、主动性工作行为和绩效与创新;时间压力对员工“抑能”体现在,时间压力提高了员工角色模糊、工作倦怠感、知识隐藏行为和反生产行为,削弱了员工情绪、健康和工作满意度。时间压力通过建设性资源提高了员工工作效能,并通过能量资源抑制了员工工作效能。员工类型与文化差异等情境因素以及测量工具等测量因素均具有一定程度调节作用。由此,本文对于时间压力与员工工作结果间关系的研究获得了更为稳定、普遍的阶段性结论。

"Improving quality and efficiency" is the competitive advantage pursued by all industries in the VUCA era. The increasingly demanding working environment means that employees need to achieve work goals within constantly compressed time limits, which are more challenging than previous goals. Therefore, research and practice are focusing more on whether time pressure on employees can yield the expected benefits. This study quantitatively summarizes the dual impacts of time pressure on employee work efficiency using meta-analysis structural equation modeling, based on COR theory and CAPS theory. A total of 212 original articles were included in the study, with 292 effect sizes(total sample size N = 103205), and examined the mediating effects of intrinsic resources, employee types, cultural backgrounds, and scale measurements. The results indicate that time pressure has both positive and negative effects on employees' internal resources, work attitude, work behavior, performance, and innovation.Specifically, time pressure has a positive effect by enhancing work efficiency, happiness, engagement, active behavior, performance, and innovation, while it also has a negative effect by increasing role ambiguity, burnout,knowledge hiding, and counter-productive behavior, as well as reducing mood, health, and job satisfaction. Time pressure improves work efficiency through constructive resources and diminishes it through energy resources.Situational factors such as employee type and cultural differences, as well as measurement tools, have a moderating effect. Therefore, research on the relationship between time pressure and employee work outcomes has provided more stable and universal conclusions.