保险代位权构成要件之反思

Reflection on the Constitutive Elements of Insurance Subrogation

保险代位权的成立要件问题是保险代位权制度运行的基础。在分析其构成要件是否成立时需要围绕前提、基础、标准三大要件展开。在前提要件中,当第三者与被保险人在利益上具有一致性时,前提要件不能成立,应结合文义解释与“利益一致性”原则灵活对“家庭成员”与“组成人员”的范围进行确定。基础要件中,保险责任的承担应基于保险合同,而在法定保险代位权语境下,该要件属于强制性规范,非基于保险合同的超保单赔付不满足该要件,不成立保险代位权。标准要件中,不要求保险金给付达到“完全补偿”的程度,但可将“完全补偿”作为保险代位权的行事准则,既能保障被保险人利益,也能防止三方关系陷入僵局以及违背损害填补原则。

The establishment requirement of insurance subrogation is the basis of insurance subrogation system.When analyzing whether its constituent elements are valid,it is necessary to focus on the premise,foundation and standard three elements.In the preconditions,when the third party and the insured have the same interests,the preconditions cannot be established,and the scope of"family members"and"constituent members"should be flexibly determined by combining the textual interpretation and the principle of"interest consistency".Among the basic elements,the assumption of insurance liability should be based on the insurance contract.However,in the context of statutory insurance subrogation,this requirement is a mandatory norm,and the out-of-policy payment not based on the insurance contract does not meet this requirement,and the insurance subrogation right is not established.In the standard requirements,the insurance benefit is not required to reach the level of"full compensation".However,"full compensation"can be taken as the criterion of insurance subrogation,which can not only protect the interests of the insured,but also prevent the tripartite relationship from getting into a deadlock and violating the principle of damage filling.