市政污水中吗啡来源辨析

Source Apportionment of Morphine in Wastewater

采用分析市政污水方法可以辨别吗啡合法或非法使用情况.由于污水中吗啡来源复杂,区分不同来源的贡献是吗啡使用调查的关键问题.选择典型城市,在2022年10月至2023年3月期间采集61个代表性污水处理厂的262份进水样品,分析了包括吗啡、可待因、蒂巴因、罂粟碱、那可丁和单乙酰吗啡在内的6种生物碱的浓度,同时结合罂粟壳中生物碱的含量,应用比值法和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型对污水中的生物碱进行源解析.污水中共检出5种生物碱,但海洛因的代谢产物单乙酰吗啡未检出.其中,吗啡和可待因的浓度明显高于那可丁、罂粟碱和蒂巴因.通过构建两种比值,即可待因/(吗啡+可待因)和那可丁/(那可丁+可待因),能够很好地定性区别罂粟壳使用来源.PMF的结果表明,污水中吗啡主要来源于医用吗啡(44.9%)、罂粟壳药物(43.7%)和可待因(9.4%).污水中吗啡来源具有显著月份变化趋势.在新冠疫情和甲流暴发期间,含有罂粟壳和可待因药物使用为主要来源,而吗啡镇痛药物使用来源相对稳定.清单分析与PMF源解析的结果具有一致性,表明模型的可靠性,同时也表明该城市吗啡主要是合法来源,不存在滥用情况.

It is a new approach to identify legal or illegal use of morphine through information on municipal wastewater.However,the sources of morphine in wastewater are complex,and distinguishing the contribution of different sources has become a key issue.A total of 262 influent samples from 61 representative wastewater treatment plants in a typical city were collected from October 2022 to March 2023.The concentrations of morphine,codeine,thebaine,papaverine,noscapine,and monoacetylmorphine were analyzed in wastewater and poppy straws.Combined with the proportion of alkaloids in poppy straws,the source analysis of alkaloids in wastewater was analyzed using the ratio method and positive matrix factorization model(PMF).Only five alkaloids were detected in wastewater,and monoacetylmorphine,a metabolite of heroin,was not detected.The concentrations of morphine and codeine were significantly higher than those of noscapine,papaverine,and thebaine.By constructing the ratios of codeine/(morphine+codeine)and noscapine/(noscapine+codeine),the source of poppy straw could be qualitatively distinguished.The PMF results showed that three sources of morphine for medical use,poppy straw,and codeine contributed 44.9%,43.7%,and 9.4%,respectively.The different sources varied in these months due to the COVID-19 and influenza A outbreaks,in which the use of drugs containing poppy straws and codeine was the main source,whereas the use of morphine analgesics remained relatively stable.Inventory analysis further demonstrated the reliability of the source contributions from the PMF model,and morphine was not abused in this city.