19世纪末至20世纪初俄国的农业政策

Russian Agricultural Policy in the Late 19^(th) and Early 20^(th) Centuries

1861年改革没能解决俄国农业问题,半封建土地关系、地主垄断土地,导致国内市场狭小,农业耕作水平低,农民因饥饿大量死亡。废除地主土地所有制,解决农民土地短缺对俄国而言至关重要。19世纪80年代初,统治集团承认,农民缺地严重,设立农民土地银行、组织移民为对策之一,但成效不大。19世纪末至20世纪初,农业危机迫使统治阶层重新审查农业政策,其中心议题为村社与农民法律地位,争论集中在维特领导的财政部和普列维挂帅的内务部,最终在尼古拉二世的支持下,保守势力获胜。帝国农业政策的指导原则为村社不容侵犯、农民份地不可转让、保留农民等级制度。至1905年革命前,俄国农业问题尚未解决。

The 1861 reform failed to solve the agricultural problem in Russia.The semi-feudal land relationship and landlord monopoly led to the small domestic market,low agricultural cultivation and a large number of farmers starving to death.Abolishing landlord ownership to solve the shortage of land for peasants was essential in Russia.In the early 1880s,the ruling class took some countermeasures such as setting up peasant-land banks and organizing immigration but with lttle success.The agrarian crisis of the late 19^(th) and early 20^(th) centuries forced the ruling class to re-examine the agricultural policy.The central issue was the legal status of the village community and peasants.The dispute went between the Ministry of Finance under Witte and the Ministry of the Interior under Plevy,which was eventually won by the conservatives supported by Nicholas II.The guiding principles of imperial agricultural policy were the inviolability of village communities,the non-transferability of peasant land and the preservation of peasant hierarchy.The problem of agriculture in Russia remained unresolved until the 1905 revolution.