中东欧国家与中国公路隧道防火理念对比研究——以黑山南北高速公路项目为例

Comparative Study on Fire Prevention Concept of Highway Tunnel Between Central and Eastern European Countries and China:Taking Montenegro North-South Expressway Project as an Example

为指导中国企业在中东欧国家进一步开展公路隧道建设,以中国企业在欧洲建设的最大公路基建项目黑山南北高速公路为例,进行公路隧道防火理念对比研究。黑山南北高速公路具备各类长度隧道16座,全过程基本采用欧洲标准建造,由欧洲公司进行监理,所选设备基本都在欧洲当地生产,因此其隧道防火理念可反映中东欧国家乃至整个欧洲地区的技术水平和建设理念,具备典型代表意义。采用比较分析法对隧道火灾风险评估报告、防火主设计、实施情况等进行分析研究,其中隧道火灾风险评估报告由具备欧盟认可的防火资质且独立于公路建设业主的第三方进行评估。评估主要针对与火灾安全相关的隧道设施配置规模,评估结论需提交给业主,并要求设计单位严格依据评估结果开展设计。同时也对中东欧国家和中国在公路隧道火灾安全风险评估、疏散逃生、消防救援、防火安全设计等理念上的差异进行综合对比。结果表明:中东欧国家公路隧道关于整体防火、防火分区、消防救援等防火理念相比中国更具有安全性、智能性,因此可为中国隧道防火安全建设提供一定借鉴,同时也可用于指导中国企业在中东欧乃至整个欧洲开展公路隧道建设。

In order to guide further road tunnel construction by Chinese enterprises in Central and Eastern European countries,taking the Montenegro North-South Expressway for an example,which is the largest road infrastructure project constructed by Chinese companies in Europe,the comparative study on fire prevention concept of highway tunnel is carried out.With 16 tunnels of various lengths,the entire construction process of the Montenegro North-South Expressway adheres to European standards,and is supervised by European companies with equipment mainly sourced locally in Europe.Therefore,the tunnel fire safety concept of this project represents the technological level and construction philosophy not only of Montenegro but also of the entire Central and Eastern European region.The tunnel fire risk assessment reports,fire protection main design and implementation are analyzed and studied by using a comparative analysis method.The tunnel fire risk assessment report is conducted by a third party with EU-recognized fire protection qualifications independent of the highway construction owner.The assessment primarily focuses on tunnel facilities related to fire safety,and the conclusions are to be submitted to the owner,requiring the design unit to strictly follow the assessment results in the design process.Simultaneously,the differences are comprehensively compared between Central and Eastern European countries and China in concepts related to road tunnel fire safety risk assessment,evacuation,firefighting and rescue and fire safety design.The result shows that Central and Eastern European countries exhibit a certain level of safety and intelligence in overall fire prevention,fire zoning,firefighting and rescue concepts compared to China.Therefore,these findings can serve as valuable references for China’s tunnel fire safety construction,and guide Chinese enterprises in road tunnel construction in Central and Eastern Europe and even the whole Europe.