《民法典》第399条(禁止抵押的财产)评注

Comments on Article 399 of Civil Code of People,s Republic of China(Property Prohibited from Mortgage)

《民法典》第399条是关于禁止抵押的财产的规定。本条前三项属于《民法典》第153条第1款中的强制性规定,违反的法律效果是抵押合同无效,抵押权不成立。本条第3项应作限缩解释,允许公益目的非营利法人以新购置的公益设施作为抵押财产。本条第4项是关于抵押财产处分权的警示性规定,违反该项时应适用无权处分规则。本条第5项在解释上应采相对处分禁止说,违反该项时作为负担行为的抵押合同有效,登记机构应办理抵押权登记,相应的处分行为相对无效,即仅针对申请执行人无效。抵押权的行使以查封、扣押或监管措施解除为前提。查封、扣押或监管措施未公示时,不得对抗善意的抵押权人,此时抵押权人可以对抗申请执行人。禁止抵押的财产除本条前三项列举外,还包括法律、行政法规规定的其他类型。

Article 399 of the Civil Code is about property that is prohibited from being mortgaged.The first three items of this article belong to the mandatory provisions in the first paragraph of Article 153 of the Civil Code.The legal effect of violation is that the mortgage contract is invalid and the mortgage right is not established.Item 3 of this Article shall be interpreted in a limited way to allow non-profit legal persons for public welfare purposes to use newly purchased public welfare facilities as mortgageable property.The fourth item of this article is a warning provision on the right to dispose of the mortgaging property.In case of violation of this item,the rule of no right to dispose shall apply.In the interpretation of item 5 of this article,the relative prohibition of disposal shall be adopted.The mortgage contract in violation of this item is valid,and the registration organ shall register the mortgage,and the corresponding disposal act is relatively invalid,that is,it is invalid only for the person applying for execution.The exercise of the mortgage shall be premised on the sealing up,distraining or lifting of regulatory measures.When the measures of sealing up,distraining or supervision are not publicized,they shall not confront the mortgagee in good faith.In this case,the mortgagee may confront the applicant for execution.In addition to the preceding three items listed in this article,the property prohibited from mortgaged shall also include other types prescribed by laws and administrative regulations.