朝鲜汉字音重纽对立的本质及意义——兼从朝鲜汉字音的声介结构看中古汉语雅音特征

The opposition between Chongniu in Korean Hanja:Characteristics of standard pronunciations in Middle Chinese from the perspective of initial-medial pattern in Korean Hanja

朝鲜汉字音的牙喉音不反映中古早期《切韵》时代的重A与重B对立,而是反映中古后期的三等、重B与四等、重A的对立。从朝鲜汉字音声介结构可以看出轻唇音产生并失去介音,精组读人四等,近代知二庄、知三章互补两分的体系开始形成。这一结构与慧琳《一切经音义》、邵雍《声音倡和图》、《蒙古字韵》一致或相承,体现了官话雅音系统的稳定性。不同雅音系统中的一些音类参差无法用自然的语音史演变链条来解释,体现了雅音是个弹性概念,各家标准不一;一些边缘音类的相似性又无法用“守旧”来解释,可能有口语基础。

The dentals and laryngeals in Korean Hanja does not reflect the opposition between Chongniu(重纽,redundant syllables in the rhyme table)A and Chongniu B in early Middle Chinese represented by Qieyun.Instead,they present the opposition between Chongniu B plus third division and Chongniu A plus fourth division in late Middle Chinese.The initial-medial pattern of Korean Hanja indicates that,labiodentals appeared while medials were dropped,and the jing(精)group was pronounced as the fourth division.Besides,separation between the zhuang(庄)group together with second division of zhi(知)group and the zhang(章)group together with thrid division of zhi group also began to occur.This conforms with the system described in Huilin's Yiqiejing yinyi(一切经音义),Shao Yong's Sheng yin changhetu(声音倡和图)and Mongolian Word Rhyme(蒙古字韵),implying the stability of ancient standard pronunciation.Variations which cannot be explained by historical phonological chains suggest that the pronunciation of standard Chinese was flexible in dfferent systems.Some similarities shared in marginal categories cannot be considered as"conservative"and may have a foundation in spoken language.