东坡书院述略:从苏轼与书院的关系谈起

A Brief Discussion of Dongpo Academy:Starting With the Relationship Between Su Shi and the Academy

苏轼在两次兴学运动中认为当“因循旧制”,“使先王之旧物”不废于今世,也即主张书院与官学并存;但是随着官学化运动的发展,苏轼转而支持官学的发展,甚至参与其中。这与他“学者,王者事也”的学校观有关。他认为,兴王化之教才是地方官员修建学校的目的,而官学与书院均为王化之所。目前统计的10所东坡书院,主要是后人崇拜苏轼,并以之为主祀对象的祭祀性书院,这也决定了这些书院呈现尽可能地追寻先贤遗迹,但又不完全是苏轼行迹过化之地的特点。在修建东坡书院祭祀苏轼的背后,有着复杂的政治与地域文化因素。如常州东坡书院的修建缘于晁子健看重家族和苏轼的交往,而惠州东坡书院的修建则与当地民众将平安的希冀寄托于苏轼祭祀有关。这些对于认识书院的形成机理有重要价值。

Su Shi believed in the two academic movements that we should follow the old system and keep the old things of the previous leaders alive in present world,that is,he advocated the coexistence of academies and official schools.However,with the development of the official school movement,Su Shi turned to support the development of official schools,and even participated in it.This is related to his school view of running schools is king's tasks.He believed that promoting education was the purpose of local officials in building schools,and both official schools and academies were the places of enlightement.The 10 Dongpo Academies currently counted are mainly sacrificial academies where later generations worshiped Su Shi and used him as the main object of worship.This also determines that these academies trace the remains of the sages as much as possible,but they are not entirely Su Shi's deeds and characteristics of a place of transformation.There are complex political and regional cultural factors behind the construction of Dongpo Academies to worship Su Shi.For example,the construction of Dongpo Academy in Changzhou is related to Chao Zijian's emphasis on the relationship between his family and Su Shi,while the construction of Dongpo Academy in Huizhou is related to the local people's hope for peace in offering sacrifices to Su Shi.These are of great value for understanding the complex formation reasons of academies.